“…It has also been shown that Epo possesses neuroprotective action in animal models of global and focal cerebral ischemia and spinal ischemia models in adult rodents [9,10,[15][16][17][18]. Although the exact mechanisms of the neuroprotective action of Epo is not completely known, promotion of cell survival signaling cascades [10,19], upregulation of the expression of antiapoptotic proteins [20], modulation of intracellular calcium metabolism [13], attenuation of NO production [16,21], inhibition of glutamate release [12], antiapoptotic [10,16,18], antioxidative [22,23] and anti-inflammatory [17] actions have been suggested as possible mechanisms. These properties suggest that Epo may show beneficial effects against hypoxic-ischemic insults in the neonatal brain.…”