Effect of epoxidised natural rubbers on curing characteristics of kaolin-filled natural rubber composites

Surya, Indra; Sukeksi, Lilis; Marpongahtun, .

doi:10.1088/1757-899x/505/1/012114

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The optimum cure time, 𝑡𝑡 𝑐𝑐90 for NR compounds decreases significantly with greater fibre content. Reduce in 𝑡𝑡 𝑐𝑐90 corresponds to a higher cure rate of the NR compounds [25]. In other words, the presence of fibre serves as curative components that improve the cure rate.…”

Section: Cure Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cure Behaviour and Tensile Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fibre Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites

Yeo Yi Xuan,

Mohd Ridzuan Mohd Jamir,

Mohd Shukry Abdul Majid

et al. 2024

ARAM

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Short natural fibres replace synthetic fibres as filler in natural rubber (NR) as they are environmentally beneficial and sustainable. This study investigates the cure behaviour and tensile properties of pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) reinforced NR composites at various fibre contents. The fibre contents are varied at 0, 10, 20 and 30 parts per hundred rubber (phr). PALF reinforced NR composites are prepared using a two-roll mill. Surface morphology of tensile fractured specimens is examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrated that the optimum cure time decreases significantly with greater fibre content. The hardness value increases gradually with increasing filler content. The stress-strain graphs show an increasing trend in stress at higher fibre content particularly at low strain regions. On the contrary, the tensile strength reduces when the fibre content is increased up to 30 phr. SEM analysis reveals that the fibre-matrix adhesion is considerably poor due to the fibre pullout phenomenon observed. It is indicated that higher fibre content could be possibly reinforced to NR to achieve high deformation stress at incredibly low strain regions.

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Section: Cure Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cure Behaviour and Tensile Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fibre Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites

Yeo Yi Xuan,

Mohd Ridzuan Mohd Jamir,

Mohd Shukry Abdul Majid

et al. 2024

ARAM

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“…Chalk exhibits the same deficiency of polar surface chemistry. It is difficult to moisten and disperse in the natural rubber, so the interaction with the rubber matrix is weak [58,59]. Thus, for a better interaction between precipitated silica or chalk and natural rubber matrix, the maleated natural rubber (NR-g-AM) was used.…”

Section: Filler Type In Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation by Electron Beam Irradiation of Some Composites Based on Natural Rubber Reinforced with Mineral and Organic Fillers

Mănăilă

Crăciun

Ighigeanu

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Composites based on natural rubber reinforced with mineral (precipitated silica and chalk) and organic (sawdust and hemp) fillers in amount of 50 phr were obtained by peroxide cross-linking in the presence of trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate and irradiated by electron beam in the dose range of 150 and 450 kGy with the purpose of degradation. The composites mechanical characteristics, gel fraction, cross-linking degree, water uptake and weight loss in water and toluene were evaluated by specific analysis. The changes in structure and morphology were also studied by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Based on the results obtained in the structural analysis, possible mechanisms specific to degradation are proposed. The increasing of irradiation dose to 450 kGy produced larger agglomerated structures, cracks and micro voids on the surface, as a result of the degradation process. This is consistent with that the increasing of irradiation dose to 450 kGy leads to a decrease in crosslinking and gel fraction but also drastic changes in mechanical properties specific to the composites’ degradation processes. The irradiation of composites reinforced with organic fillers lead to the formation of specific degradation compounds of both natural rubber and cellulose (aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, compounds with small macromolecules). In the case of the composites reinforced with mineral fillers the degradation can occur by the cleavage of hydrogen bonds formed between precipitated silica or chalk particles and polymeric matrix also.

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“…The mechanical properties were found to be degraded due to poor dispersion of the CaCO 3 in the NR matrix. Surya et al [ 16 ] revealed a possibility to enhance the rubber–filler interactions of CaCO 3 filler in NR by adding epoxidized natural rubber as a compatibilizer. Despite the various studies conducted, the effects of CaCO 3 on the final properties of NR composites remain entirely unexplored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Investigation of Nano-Sized Silica and Micrometer-Sized Calcium Carbonate on Structure and Properties of Natural Rubber Composites

Hayeemasae,

Soontaranon,

Masa

2024

Polymers

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Fillers have been widely used in natural rubber (NR) products. They are introduced to serve as a strategy for modifying the final properties of NR vulcanizates. Silica and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) are among the fillers of choice when the color of the products is concerned. In this case, a special focus was to compare the vulcanizing efficiency of NR filled with two different filler types, namely nano-sized silica and micrometer-sized CaCO3. This study focused on the effects of the loading level (10–50 parts per hundred parts of rubber, phr) on the final properties and structural changes of NR composites. The results indicated that increased filler loading led to higher curing torques and stiffness of the rubber composites irrespective of the type of filler used. The better filler dispersion was achieved in composites filled with CaCO3 which is responsible for less polarity of CaCO3 compared to silica. Good filler distribution enhanced filler–matrix interactions, improving swelling resistance and total crosslink density, and delaying stress relaxation. The modulus and tensile strength of both composites also improved over the content of fillers. The CaCO3-filled composites reached their maximum tensile strength at 40 phr, exceeding, by roughly 88%, the strength of an unfilled sample. Conversely, the maximum tensile strength of silica-filled NR was at 20 phr and was only slightly higher than that of its unfilled counterpart. This discrepancy was ascribed to the stronger rubber–filler interactions in cases with CaCO3 filler. Effective rubber–filler interactions improved strain-induced crystallization, increasing crystallinity during stretching and reducing the strain at which crystallization begins. In contrast, large silica aggregates with poor dispersion reduced the overall crosslink density, and degraded the thermomechanical properties, tensile properties, and strain-induced crystallization ability of the NR. The results clearly indicate that CaCO3 should be favored over silica as a filler in the production of some rubber products where high performance was not the main characteristic.

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Effect of epoxidised natural rubbers on curing characteristics of kaolin-filled natural rubber composites

Cited by 3 publications

References 19 publications

Cure Behaviour and Tensile Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fibre Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites

Cure Behaviour and Tensile Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fibre Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites

Degradation by Electron Beam Irradiation of Some Composites Based on Natural Rubber Reinforced with Mineral and Organic Fillers

Comparative Investigation of Nano-Sized Silica and Micrometer-Sized Calcium Carbonate on Structure and Properties of Natural Rubber Composites

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