Effect of environmental Factors including nutrition on genetically determined diabetes of Chinese hamsters

Gerritsen, G. C.; Connell, M. A.; Blanks, M. C.

doi:10.1079/pns19810034

Cited by 6 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…35 " 38 However, when plasma insulin was measured sequentially, hyperinsulinemia was observed just prior to onset of hyperglycemia. 33 ' 39 Further, plasma insulin response to a glucose load 29 or food 14 -40 appeared related to severity of the disease. Plasma insulin concentrations of mild diabetics increased with feeding but insulin concentrations of ketonurics did not.…”

Section: Physiological Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prediabetics tend to be slightly heavier than nonprediabetics and have hyperinsulinemia prior to onset of hyperglycemia. 33 Obesity is not characteristic of the diabetic Chinese hamster. There are no unequivocal data which show diabetic Chinese hamsters have insulin resistance like obese diabetic humans.…”

Section: Physiological Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Levels as high as 10 /u-M/ml of B-hydroxybutyric acid have been reported. 33 Fasting blood glucose levels as high as 500 mg/dl have been reported. The ketonuric diabetic has elevated blood ketone levels but mild diabetics do not.…”

Section: Biochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…47 -80 -81 It is of considerable interest that 4% vegetable fat diet fed ad libitum eliminated ketonuria but the same number of calories derived from a mixture of animal and vegetable fat did not eliminate ketonuria in the same animals. 33 Prediabetics with two ketotic parents were hyperphagic. 78 However, in prediabetics from nonketonuric diabetic parents who were not hyperphagic, 4 -25 diet limitation delayed onset of glycosuria and hyperglycemia.…”

Section: Nutrition and Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Chinese Hamster as a Model for the Study of Diabetes Mellitus

Gerritsen¹

1982

Diabetes

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Selection for and against diabetes and subsequent inbreeding of Chinese hamsters started in 1963. Currently there are six inbred sublines that have greater than 85% incidence of glycosuria and two control inbred nondiabetic sublines that are essentially free of glycosuria. At birth, hamsters from inbred sublines are considered prediabetic. There is phenotypic variation between diabetic sublines. Onset time, incidence of ketonuria, blood glucose, plasma insulin, glucagon and glycohydrolase levels vary from subline to subline, but pancreatic insulin and glucagon levels are consistently low and high, respectively, in all diabetic sublines compared with nondiabetics. Experimental breeding data suggest a minimum of two homozygous recessive genes for diabetes. It is not known if the inbred lines are similar diabetic genotypes, but the probability is high that modifier background genes vary from subline to subline.Chinese hamsters have diabetes ranging from mild to severe. Animals weighing 25 g can excrete up to 75 ml of urine containing 3 g of glucose per day. Fasting blood glucose as high as 500 mg/dl and 10 /nmol/ml of beta-hydroxybutyrate have been reported. Gluconeogenesis is elevated, and some glycolytic enzymes are decreased in severe diabetes. Low levels of renal acid glycohydrolase enzymes may contribute to glomerular capillary loop basement membrane thickening in diabetic hamsters. Caloric restriction per se or reduction of dietary fat prevented onset of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in prediabetics. Morphologic changes have been observed in pancreatic islets, kidney, nerve, blood vessels, eyes, brain, and genitourinary systems of diabetic Chinese hamsters. Pathogenesis of diabetes in this animal appears to be related to an increased demand for insulin. Initially there is a positive response to this demand by beta cells, but exhaustion occurs. This is followed by a decrease in beta-cell mass and relative or absolute insulin deficiency. DIABETES 37 (Suppl.

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Section: Physiological Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Physiological Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Biochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nutrition and Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Chinese Hamster as a Model for the Study of Diabetes Mellitus

Gerritsen¹

1982

Diabetes

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“…The metabolic and/or genetic parameters, which may promote the rise in VIP in the eye of prediabetic Chinese hamsters, are difficult to define in the current study. Prediabetic Chinese hamsters have been reported to undergo a transient hyperinsulinaemic phase just before the onset of hyperglycaemia [41]. However, the plasma insulin of prediabetic animals as well as other metabolic factors measured in this study, were unchanged.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

Elevated levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide in the eye and urinary bladder of diabetic and prediabetic Chinese hamsters

et al. 1985

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Summary. The eyes and urinary bladder of non-diabetic, prediabetic and diabetic Chinese hamsters were evaluated by radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemistry to determine the content and distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). The average concentration of VIP was increased in the eyes of all diabetic (pmol/g = 68%, pmol/organ = 50%) and prediabetic (pmol/g=152%, pmol/organ=115%) hamsters compared with age-matched non-diabetic animals. Immunocytochemistry showed that the elevation of VIP was primarily related to greater intensity of fluorescence of the nerve fibres in the vasculature of the choroid. The average content of VIP in the urinary bladder was greater in diabetic animals only on the basis of pmol/organ (135%) and in prediabetics on the basis of pmol/g (87%) compared with non-diabetic animals. Qualitative immunocytochemistry suggested that the elevated level of VIP was related to a larger distribution of nerve fibres in the urinary bladder of diabetic hamsters. The high level of VIP in the eyes and urinary bladder of diabetic and prediabetic hamsters is an interesting observation which should receive further study to determine whether it is an aetiological agent underlying the pathogenesis of ophthalmic complications and neurogenic bladder or the result of some pathological process which affects these organs.Key words: VIP, radioimmunoassay, immunocytochemistry, eyes, urinary bladder, prediabetes, diabetic Chinese hamsters.Complications of the eye and urinary bladder have been documented in patients with diabetes mellitus and most animal models of this disease. With respect to the eye, lesions have been adequately described in the retina [1][2][3][4][5]. Although the specific type of lesion varies among animals and man, the vasculature of the eye is always adversely affected [5]. Several investigations have demonstrated that distension [6-9] and hypertrophy [10] concomitant with urine retention are characteristic of the urinary bladder of diabetic man and animals. Urinary bladder dysfunction is believed to be a product of diabetic autonomic neuropathy [11,12] which promotes impairment of detrusor muscle function [8,13]. Although it has recently been disputed [9], a reduction in cholinergic innervation [7,14] has been proposed as a possible mechanism which elicits bladder dysfunction. Despite intensive research, the primary aetiological agent(s) underlying the derangements in the eye and urinary bladder of diabetic man and animals remain under investigation.Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has been shown to be present in high quantities in the eye [15][16][17][18][19] and urogenital tract [20][21][22][23] of several species, including man. Due to its potent vasodilator activity [24] and its possible involvement in regulation of relaxation [25][26][27] and contraction [28] of the urogenital tract, it was of interest to determine whether concentration and/or distribution of this peptide are altered in the eye and urinary bladder of a suitable diabetic animal model. Since the spontaneously diabe...

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Continuous Insulin Treatment in the Chinese Hamster a Review

Grodsky

1988

Prediabetes

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Effect of environmental Factors including nutrition on genetically determined diabetes of Chinese hamsters

Cited by 6 publications

References 15 publications

The Chinese Hamster as a Model for the Study of Diabetes Mellitus

The Chinese Hamster as a Model for the Study of Diabetes Mellitus

Elevated levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide in the eye and urinary bladder of diabetic and prediabetic Chinese hamsters

Continuous Insulin Treatment in the Chinese Hamster a Review

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