Effect of electron-irradiation on cross-link density and crystalline structure of low- and high-density polyethylene

Khonakdar, Hossein Ali; Jafari, Seyed Hassan; Wagenknecht, Udo; Jehnichen, Dieter

doi:10.1016/j.radphyschem.2005.05.014

Cited by 123 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Rearrangement of EVA chains from melt state becomes limited due to irradiation induced crosslinks, hence more imperfect crystallite with smaller size and lesser amount are formed (Khonakdar et al, 2006a, Khonakdar et al, 2006b). These require lesser energy, hence, a decrease in the crystallization temperature of EVA with increasing irradiation dose was observed.…”

Section: Dsc Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the properties of reclaimed waste tire rubber by blending with poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) and electron beam irradiation

Ramarad

Ratnam

Khalid

et al. 2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Non-degradable waste tire generation around the world is growing at an alarming rate. Diversifying the recycling route of these waste tires is essential to solve the problem. One way is to incorporate them into polymers and convert them into new products. However, incorporation of ground tire rubber into thermoplastics has been hampered due to lack of toughness and adhesion between phases. To address the issue, this study utilized reclaimed waste tire rubber (RTR) instead; and evaluated the properties of RTR and poly(ethyleneco-vinyl acetate) (EVA) blends. The properties of the RTR/EVA blends were further enhanced by compatibilization and electron beam irradiation.Processing, mechanical, thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of RTR were tremendously improved by blending with EVA. However, the interfacial adhesion was found to lack in the blends. Compatibilization by reactive, physical and combination strategies were explored utilizing (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxy silane (APS), liquid styrene butadiene rubber (LR) and maleated EVA (MAEVA), respectively. APS and MAEVA were found to be the most and least favourable compatibilizer, respectively. Apart from functioning as reactive compatibilizer, APS also reclaimed the RTR phase further. These lead to improved dispersion of smaller RTR phase in EVA matrix and enhanced the interfacial adhesion.Electron beam irradiation revealed the presence of radical stabilizing and scavenging additives within RTR which retards the crosslinking process in RTR and RTR/EVA blends. Though chain scissions were predominant; study showed the replacement of S-S and S-C bonds with stronger and stiffer C-C bonds ensures the retention of RTR and RTR/EVA blends properties upon irradiation.Compatibilization of RTR/EVA blend by APS (50RTR/5APS) also improved the crosslinking efficiency. However, the blend still suffered from oxidative degradation from irradiation in air. Radiation sensitizers, trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMPTA), tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) and N,N-1,3Phenylene Bismaleimide (HVA2), were used to accelerate the irradiation induced crosslinking in RTR and 50RTR/5APS blends. Presence of radiation sensitizers leads to simultaneous improvement in toughness and tensile strength of RTR and 50RTR/5APS blends. Elastic capacity of RTR phase was restored and interfacial adhesion enhanced in the presence of radiation sensitizers.iii

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Section: Dsc Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the properties of reclaimed waste tire rubber by blending with poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) and electron beam irradiation

Ramarad

Ratnam

Khalid

et al. 2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Secondly, the cross-linking degree can be controlled throughout the applied irradiation dose (ID) before the foaming process. The process has found tremendous interest in the scientific community and there are plenty of articles in the literature regarding the effect of high energy electron radiation not only on the properties of NR, modified NR and their blends Almaslow et al, 2013;Banik and Bhowmick, 2000;Chirinos et al, 2003;Craciun et al, 2014;Hassan et al, 2007;Jing et al, 2013;Khalid et al, 2010;Manshaie et al, 2011;Mitra et al, 2008;Nabil and Ismail, 2014;Ratnam and Zaman, 1999;Ratnam et al, 2000;Sharif et al, 2005;Stelescu et al, 2014) but also on the properties of polyolefins such as low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) (Eaves, 1988;Khonakdara et al, 2006;.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of the irradiation dose in the cellular structure of natural rubber foams cross-linked by electron beam irradiation

Salmazo

Lopez‐Gil

Ariff

et al. 2016

Industrial Crops and Products

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a b s t r a c tThis work focused on the production of natural rubber foams by cross-linking the polymer matrix using high energy electron beam at different irradiation doses (from 50 to 150 kGy) and foaming it with a chemical blowing agent. The aim was to study how the irradiation dose influenced the cellular structure morphology of the produced foams. This was accomplished by quantifying the evolution of cellular structure parameters, such as cell size and cell density, with respect to foaming time and irradiation dose. The results showed that the foams irradiated at the lowest dose are more prone to suffer cellular structure degeneration, resulting in the formation of bimodal cellular structures, while foams irradiated with the highest dose, exhibited more uniform cellular structure. In the latter case, the nucleation density clearly increased resulting in the formation of foams with homogeneous cellular structures and smaller cell sizes (≈20 m).

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“…4). Using comparable irradiation doses, Khonakdar et al [59] found that cross-linked LDPE samples which were more amorphous in nature, and which had highly active sites due to its branched structure, were more prone to cross-linking and hence had higher gel content as compared to cross-linked HDPE samples. The cross-link density and creep modulus calculated by rubber elasticity theory and hot set creep data, increased with increasing irradiation dose.…”

Section: Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of cross-linking methods for polyethylene-based carbon fibers: review

Kim¹,

Lee²,

An³

et al. 2015

Carbon letters

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In recent decades, there has been an increasing interest in the use of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) in aerospace, renewable energy and other industries, due to its low weight and relatively good mechanical properties compared with traditional metals. However, due to the high cost of petroleum-based precursors and their associated processing costs, CF remains a specialty product and as such has been limited to use in high-end aerospace, sporting goods, automotive, and specialist industrial applications. The high cost of CF is a problem in various applications and the use of CFRP has been impeded by the high cost of CF in various applications. This paper presents an overview of research related to the fabrication of low cost CF using polyethylene (PE) control technology, and identifies areas requiring additional research and development. It critically reviews the results of cross-linked PE control technology studies, and the development of promising control technologies, including acid, peroxide, radiation and silane cross-linking methods.

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Effect of electron-irradiation on cross-link density and crystalline structure of low- and high-density polyethylene

Cited by 123 publications

References 27 publications

Improving the properties of reclaimed waste tire rubber by blending with poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) and electron beam irradiation

Improving the properties of reclaimed waste tire rubber by blending with poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) and electron beam irradiation

Influence of the irradiation dose in the cellular structure of natural rubber foams cross-linked by electron beam irradiation

Effects of cross-linking methods for polyethylene-based carbon fibers: review

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