Effects of cross-linking methods for polyethylene-based carbon fibers: review

Abstract

In recent decades, there has been an increasing interest in the use of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) in aerospace, renewable energy and other industries, due to its low weight and relatively good mechanical properties compared with traditional metals. However, due to the high cost of petroleum-based precursors and their associated processing costs, CF remains a specialty product and as such has been limited to use in high-end aerospace, sporting goods, automotive, and specialist industrial applications. The high cost of CF is a problem in various applications and the use of CFRP has been impeded by the high cost of CF in various applications. This paper presents an overview of research related to the fabrication of low cost CF using polyethylene (PE) control technology, and identifies areas requiring additional research and development. It critically reviews the results of cross-linked PE control technology studies, and the development of promising control technologies, including acid, peroxide, radiation and silane cross-linking methods.

From Charge Storage Mechanism to Performance: A Roadmap toward High Specific Energy Sodium‐Ion Batteries through Carbon Anode Optimization

“…This is the case, for instance, for polymers such as phenolic resins, lignin, or styrene‐divinylbenzene, see Table . Cross‐linking of the precursor can also be induced artificially by oxidation prior to carbonization (preventing further melting), which tends to hinder graphitization, as seen with PVC or polyethylene . This is the typical method for producing carbon fibers, where a thermoplastic precursor is melted to make fibers and then cross‐linked prior to carbonization in order to preserve the desired morphology …”

“…The sample with the optimum reduction time (1 h) combined a very high reversible capacity of 284 mA h g −1 at 20 mA g −1 with very good rate capability and cycle life (showing 74% retention of the initial capacity after 2000 cycles), as shown in Figure b. The electrochemical behavior in this case is ascribed to the presence of residual oxygen‐containing groups, which are responsible for the swelling effect that increased interlayer distance from 0.34 to 0.43 nm and worked as additional active redox centers . The improvement is considerable when compared to graphite and cointercalated graphite in terms of specific energy, but (as seen in Table ) the average oxidation voltage (0.9 V) is significantly higher than that of the best hard carbons (near 0.3 V), which limits the specific energy.…”

Novel binder-free electrode materials for supercapacitors utilizing high surface area carbon nanofibers derived from immiscible polymer blends of PBI/6FDA-DAM:DABA

“…All blend samples showed I D /I G ratios in between 3.9-3.7, which are lower than pure PBI (4.01) suggesting that crosslinking of 6FDD facilitated the formation of more ordered graphitic structure during carbonization. [38][39][40] Intense 2D bands observed around 2660 cm À1 for blends, and especially for 70/30 and 50/50 blends compared to the PBI, conrms the structural development of carbon materials aer blending with 6FDD. The graphitic crystallite size (L a ) can be determine using Tuinstra-Koenig equation, L a (nm) ¼ 4.4/(I D /I G ).…”

Mechanical interfacial adhesion of carbon fibers-reinforced polarized-polypropylene matrix composites: effects of silane coupling agents

“…This shows that the oxygen functional groups and surface free energy values can determine the resulting adhesion strengths of the carbon fiber/polarized polypropylene matrix in this system. Practically, the well-known ring-opening crosslinking reaction between amino-silane coupling agents (APS) and polypropylene-co-maleic anhydride can dramatically enhance the mechanical interfacial strength [29][30][31][32][33][34] of a composite. However, we used partially polarized polypropylene (Ma 0.2 -PP 99.8 ) as a matrix.…”