Effect of electrical-discharging on formation of nanoporous biocompatible layer on titanium

A Review of Additive Mixed-Electric Discharge Machining: Current Status and Future Perspectives for Surface Modification of Biomedical Implants

“…It has been found that the implant with HA coating has enhanced the bioactivity and promotes the bone-tissue growth and osseointegration at a faster rate. Accordingly, numerous surface treatment/modification techniques like chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), iodization, and laser deposition Grade IV Ti/Ti Ti/3 & 6 g/L (i) TiO (ii) Recast layers (i) With 3 g/l microcracks observed and disappeared when using 6 g/l of Ti (ii) Recast layer thickness increases with increase in current duration and Ti powder concentration (iii) Hydrophilic surface good for dental implant was observed [86] Grade II Ti/Ti -(i) TiO (i) Dual surface topography with micron and submicron topographies sufficient for orthopedic and dental applications [87] AISI D2 steel/Ti Ti/2 g/L (i) TiC Ti-6Al-4V/Ti HA (i) HA (i) Moderate pulse-on current and pulse-on duration are possible settings that will produce material deposition [90] Grade IV Ti/Cu -(i) TiO 2 (ii) Nano TiH (i) A nanoporous, nanostructured and bioactive TiO 2 layer with short duration (ii) Improved biocompatibility was achieved [19] Fe-Al-Mn/Cu -(i) Recast layer (ii) Oxide layer (iii) k-carbide phase (i) Nanostructured recast layer was formed (ii) Increased biocompatibility [91] WC90-Co10/Cu Ti (i) TiC (i) Improved hardness with reduced microcracks [92] were used to improve the implant stability. However, typically, the coating techniques used for the surface treatment have a few key problems, (i) very thin coating layer and (ii) weak adhesion and bond strength with the substrate, which can deteriorate after some time due to acidic nature of body fluid, causing the implant failure.…”

“…A nanoporous TiO 2 formed during EDM of titanium is believed to be responsible for the generation of bioactive and biocompatible layer on the machined sample [19]. A study on the EDM of -Ti-alloy presented by Prakash et al [160] revealed a higher cell growth and adhesion on the machined surface.…”

“…Recently, EDM process evolved in the biomedical field owing to its ability to generate a mirror-like, extremely hard, and a biocompatible nanoporous surface through the phenomenon of material migration. A work presented by Peng et al [19] shows a generation of nanoporous biocompatible layer on the EDMed Ti surface. Sales et al [136] and Shabgard and Khosrozadeh [137] modify the surface of Ti-6Al-4V by adding calcium and carbon nanotubes in the dielectric fluids, respectively.…”

“…mechanical properties of the orthopedic implants [13][14][15][16][17][18]. However, the use of AM-EDM to deposit a nanoporous and biocompatible layer on the machined implant surface has been lately reported [19,20]. This deposited layer provides a strong implant-bone bonding.…”

Microstructure and sintering behavior of nanostructured W-10–20wt.% Ti alloys synthesized by a soft chemical approach

“…The spectrum of tungsten shows a doublet peak with binding energies of 31.6 eV (W4f 7/2 ) and 33.2 eV (W4f 5/2 ) corresponds to elemental W 0 [25]. Similarly for titanium XPS spectrum shows a doublet peak with binding energies of 453.8 eV (Ti2p 3/2 ) and 459.6 eV (Ti2p 1/2 ) corresponds to metallic Ti 0 [32,33]. Fig.…”