2020
DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.11.7
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Effect of Education on Myopia: Evidence from the United Kingdom ROSLA 1972 Reform

Abstract: Purpose Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have consistently reported an association between education and myopia. However, conventional observational studies are at risk of bias due to confounding by factors such as socioeconomic position and parental educational attainment. The current study aimed to estimate the causal effect of education on refractive error using regression discontinuity analysis. Methods Regression discontinuity analysis was applied to assess… Show more

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Cited by 29 publications
(33 citation statements)
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References 43 publications
(41 reference statements)
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“…37 , 38 The quantitative technique of regression discontinuity analysis can be applied to data of this kind, and a recent study has examined the impact of increasing the mandatory length of schooling on development of myopia in the United Kingdom. 39 This policy resulted in a marked decrease in mean SER. Overall, policy innovations that have led to more children experiencing more intense educational pressures have led to an increase in the prevalence and severity of myopia, providing strong evidence of causality.…”
Section: Education and Time Outdoors: The Two Major Risk Factors For School Myopiamentioning
confidence: 99%
“…37 , 38 The quantitative technique of regression discontinuity analysis can be applied to data of this kind, and a recent study has examined the impact of increasing the mandatory length of schooling on development of myopia in the United Kingdom. 39 This policy resulted in a marked decrease in mean SER. Overall, policy innovations that have led to more children experiencing more intense educational pressures have led to an increase in the prevalence and severity of myopia, providing strong evidence of causality.…”
Section: Education and Time Outdoors: The Two Major Risk Factors For School Myopiamentioning
confidence: 99%
“… 101 Recent studies have gone beyond simply observing an association of myopia and education to providing evidence for a causal role. 126 128 However, it is challenging to disentangle the risk of myopia due to education and less time outdoors.…”
Section: Risk Factorsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A potential reason for the conflicting results of the observational analysis results and the nonlinear MR results is a causal effect of education on refractive error. 20 , 21 , 31 In other words, the observational association between refractive error and education may be dominated by the pathway education → refractive error, whereas the nonlinear refractive error → education pathway may have much less influence.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Quality control procedures followed those reported previously. 29 31 An ophthalmic examination was included as part of the baseline visit physical assessment test battery from 2009 onward. 32 Approximately 23% of participants underwent the ophthalmic assessment, which included non-cycloplegic autorefraction (RC 5000 autorefractor; Tomey, Aichi, Japan) performed after removal of spectacles or contact lenses.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%