Effect of echium oil combined with phytosterols on biomarkers of atherosclerosis in LDLr‐knockout mice: Echium oil is a potential alternative to marine oils for use in functional foods

Abstract

Bioactive compounds may be an alternative approach to prevent atherosclerosis. To evaluate this hypothesis, LDLr-knockout mice were supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids from Echium oil (10.24 mg/d of oil with 1,14 mg/d of SDA and 9.06 mg/d of ALA) equivalent to 0.7 mg/d of EPA after conversion, combined or not with phytosterols (0.76 mg/d), during the first 2 months of life. Subsequently, dyslipidaemia was induced by a high-fat diet for the following 2 months. Echium oil, isolated or combined with phytosterols, improved lipid profile in plasma reducing triacylglycerol (90.3 AE 7.6 mg/dL) and VLDL-c (18.0 AE 1.5 mg/dL) concentrations when compared with Control (115.8 AE 9.4 mg/dL and 23.2 AE 1.9 mg/dL, respectively). Echium oil also increased catalase (5.66 AE 0.13 U/mg protein) while Echium oil combined with phytosterol increased glutathione peroxidase activity (26.27 AE 0.10 U/mg protein) when compared with Control (5.18 AE 0.10 U/mg protein and 25.31 AE 0.16 U/mg protein, respectively). In addition, groups receiving Echium oil have reduced malondialdehyde concentration in liver (p ¼ 0.05). However, no difference was observed in fatty streak lesions when compared with Control. Isolated phytosterols did not change cholesterol absorption and increased lesion area compared with control group. This result can be associated with the high dose applied in the first step of supplementation and with the form of supplementation (gavage).Practical applications: One factor that contributes to the number of deaths from cardiovascular disease is that pharmacological interventions usually start too late in life. For this reason, functional foods development is a very important strategy to prevent atherosclerosis, since their inclusion in diet can start much earlier. However, it represents a challenge because many physiological responses from chronic consumption of bioactive compounds are still unknown. In this study, considering the positive results on triglyceridemia and oxidative stress biomarkers, we suggest that Echium oil can be an alternative for development of functional foods. We selected Echium oil due to its higher proportion of stearidonic fatty acids (pro-EPA) and lower sensory limitation than marine oils.

Effect of long-term ingestion of weakly oxidised flaxseed oil on biomarkers of oxidative stress in LDL-receptor knockout mice

“…Considering that MDA can form adducts with lysine residues in apo B, contributing to atherosclerosis progression, the model developed in our study provided an alternative to promote an increase in oxidative stress, without applying severe forms of induction. The concentration of liver MDA expressed as nmol/mg ptn observed in all groups (3•8 nmol/mg ptn) was similar to or higher than the values found in other studies that applied xenobiotic agents as inductors, such as Yang et al (64) using CCl 4 (4•5 nmol/mg ptn), Zeng et al (65) applying ethanol (3•5 nmol/mg ptn), Ibrahim et al (45) with a high-fat diet containing more Fe and without vitamin E (2•60 nmol/mg ptn), Botelho et al (66) using a high-fat diet with 30 % lard (2•50 nmol/mg ptn), Rosa et al (15) submitting CF1 mice to sham intermittent hypoxia for 35 d (1•2 nmol/mg ptn) and Lin & Ying (67) using a high-fat diet containing 70 % fat (1•4 nmol/mg ptn). Thus, our model could be further used to evaluate antioxidants and atherosclerosis.…”

The additional effects of a probiotic mix on abdominal adiposity and antioxidant Status: A double‐blind, randomized trial

“…The superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities of erythrocyte lysates was determined using a microassay by a multiwavelength detection microplate reader (BioTek, Synergy HT, Winooski, VT). The serum malondialdehyde concentration was determined using the thiobarbituric acid method described by Bilici et al with modifications.…”

Impact of γ-irradiation on physicochemical characteristics, lipoxygenase activity and antioxidant properties of finger millet

“…Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of the finger millet grains was assayed using a UV-visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu-1800, Japan) according to the method described by Botelho et al (2015). One unit of SOD was defined as the amount of enzyme that inhibits 50% NBT photo reduction at a wavelength of 560 nm.…”