Effect of e-liquid flavor on electronic cigarette topography and consumption behavior in a 2-week natural environment switching study

Robinson, Risa J; Hensel, Edward; al-Olayan, A. A.; Nonnemaker, James; Lee, Y. O.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0196640

Cited by 37 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The selected puff number per dose is also aligned to published EC consumer consumption studies. Robinson et al., in 2015 calculated the average puff number from 21 EC consumers to be 225 puffs per day ( Robinson et al., 2015 ) and a more recent study with 34 consumers and three different e-liquids, the puff number per day was less than a 100 puffs for each e-liquid ( Robinson et al., 2018 ). Differences in consumption could be due to differences in EC delivery; in the 2015 study consumers used a cig-a-like EC; whereas consumers in the 2019 study used a tank format EC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a novel method to measure material surface staining by cigarette, e-cigarette or tobacco heating product aerosols

Dalrymple

Badrock

Terry

et al. 2020

Heliyon

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Tobacco smoke (CS) may visually stain indoor surfaces including ceilings, walls and soft furnishings over time. Potentially reduced risk products (PRRPs) such as e-cigarettes (EC) and tobacco heating products (THP) produce chemically less complex aerosols with significantly reduced levels of toxicants, particles and odour. However, the potential effects of EC and THP aerosols on the staining of indoor surfaces are currently unknown. In this study, an exposure chamber was developed as a model system to enable the accelerated staining of wallpaper and cotton samples by a scientific reference cigarette (3R4F), three THP (glo™, glo™ pro, glo™ sens) and an e-cigarette (iSwitch Maxx). Exposure to 3R4F reference cigarettes caused the greatest level of staining, which was significantly higher than glo™, glo™ pro, glo™ sens or iSwitch Maxx aerosols, all of which showed relatively little colour change. Exposure to 200–1000 puffs of 3R4F cigarette smoke resulted in a visible dose response effect to wallpaper and cotton samples which was not observed following exposure to glo™, glo™ pro, glo™ sens or iSwitch Maxx aerosols. Aging of the samples for 4 weeks post-exposure resulted in changes to the staining levels, however PRRP staining levels were minimal and significantly lower than 3R4F exposed samples. For the first time, diverse PRRPs across the tobacco and nicotine products risk continuum have been assessed in vitro for their impact on surface staining. CS exposure significantly increased the level of wallpaper and cotton staining, whereas exposure to glo™, glo™ pro, glo™ sens or iSwitch Maxx aerosols resulted in significantly reduced levels of staining, staining levels were also comparable to untreated control samples.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a novel method to measure material surface staining by cigarette, e-cigarette or tobacco heating product aerosols

Dalrymple

Badrock

Terry

et al. 2020

Heliyon

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“…The aerosol generation performance of an ENDS is jointly dependent upon the physical characteristics of the ENDS pod, PCU and battery [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ], characteristics of e-liquid in the reservoir [ 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 ], and user behaviors of puff flow rate and puff duration [ 1 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]. Understanding the theory of ENDS operation elucidates potential effects of variation in resistance arising from interactions with the PCU and battery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Method for Quantifying Variation in the Resistance of Electronic Cigarette Coils

Saleh

Hensel

Robinson

2020

IJERPH

Self Cite

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In electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), coil resistance is an important factor in the generation of heat energy used to change e-liquid into vapor. An accurate and unbiased method for testing coil resistance is vital for understanding its effect on emissions and reporting results that are comparable across different types and brands of ENDS and measured in different laboratories. This study proposes a robust, accurate and unbiased method for measuring coil resistance. An apparatus is used which mimics the geometric configuration and assembly of ENDS reservoirs, coils and power control units. The method is demonstrated on two commonly used ENDS devices—the ALTO by Vuse and JUUL. Analysis shows that the proposed method is stable and reliable. The two-wire configuration introduced a positive measurement bias of 0.086 (Ω), which is a significant error for sub-ohm coil designs. The four-wire configuration is far less prone to bias error and is recommended for universal adoption. We observed a significant difference in the coil resistance of 0.593 (Ω) (p < 0.001) between the two products tested. The mean resistance and standard deviation of the reservoir/coil assemblies was shown to be 1.031 (0.067) (Ω) for ALTO and 1.624 (0.033) (Ω) for JUUL. The variation in coil resistance between products and within products can have significant impacts on aerosol emissions.

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“…E‐cigarette nicotine exposure has been measured during shorter periods (< 2 hours) in laboratory settings and subjective effects during longer periods outside the laboratory , but we are unaware of a laboratory study looking at both over 24 hours. Compared to shorter ad‐libitum usage periods, 24‐hour use is probably more comparable to the natural environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Twenty‐four‐hour subjective and pharmacological effects of ad‐libitum electronic and combustible cigarette use among dual users

et al. 2020

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Background and Aims Relative pharmacological effects of e-cigarettes and cigarettes during 24 hours of ad-libitum use have not been described. In this study, 24-hour blood plasma nicotine concentrations and 48-hour subjective effects with use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes were measured among dual users. Design Two-arm within-subject cross-over design with preferred e-cigarette or cigarette ad-libitum use over 48 hours. Setting Hospital research ward in San Francisco, California, USA. Participants Thirty-six healthy dual users of e-cigarettes and cigarettes (n = 8, 25% females). Measurements Twenty-four-hour blood plasma nicotine and cotinine concentrations and 48-hour self-reported nicotine withdrawal symptoms and rewarding effects. Findings Analyses used analysis of variance (ANOVA)-based mixed models with order of product (e-cigarette or cigarette) and product type (combustible cigarette or type of e-cigarette) as fixed effects, and subject as a repeated effect. During a 24-hour period, e-cigarettes produced lower nicotine exposure than cigarettes for the majority of users, although 25% received more nicotine from e-cigarettes, which was predicted by more frequent e-cigarette use or greater dependence. Compared to cigarette smoking, nicotine exposure for variable-power tank users was similar, while cig-a-like (t (30) = 2.71, P = 0.011, d = 0.745) and fixed-power tank users (t (30) = 3.37, P = 0.002, d = 0.993) were exposed to less nicotine. Cigarettes were rated higher than e-cigarettes on some desirable subjective effects (e.g. psychological reward, t (322) = 7.24 P < 0.001, d = 0.432), but withdrawal symptom reduction was comparable. No differences were found between e-cigarette types, but Bayes factors indicate that these measures were insensitive.Conclusions During a 24-hour period in a hospital setting in the United States, nicotine exposure for dual users of ecigarettes and cigarettes was similar when using cigarettes or variable-power tank devices only but was lower for those using cig-a-like or fixed-power devices only. Despite lower nicotine levels, all types of e-cigarette were effective in preventing withdrawal symptoms. E-cigarettes were rated less rewarding than cigarettes.

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Effect of e-liquid flavor on electronic cigarette topography and consumption behavior in a 2-week natural environment switching study

Cited by 37 publications

References 36 publications

Development of a novel method to measure material surface staining by cigarette, e-cigarette or tobacco heating product aerosols

Development of a novel method to measure material surface staining by cigarette, e-cigarette or tobacco heating product aerosols

Method for Quantifying Variation in the Resistance of Electronic Cigarette Coils

Twenty‐four‐hour subjective and pharmacological effects of ad‐libitum electronic and combustible cigarette use among dual users

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