Effect of Different Surface Treatments on Titanium Dental Implant Micro-Morphology

Abstract

Background: Titanium dental implants are today widely used with osseointegration mainly dependently on the implant surface properties. Different processing routes lead to different surface characteristics resulting, of course, in different in situ behaviors of the implants. Materials: The effect of different treatments, whether mechanical or chemical, on the surface morphology of titanium implants were investigated. To this aim, various experimental methods, including roughness analysis as well scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations, were applied. Results: The results showed that, in contrast to the mechanical treatments, the chemical ones gave rise to a more irregular surface. SEM observations suggested that where commercial pure titanium was used, the chemical treatments provided implant surfaces without contaminations. In contrast, sandblasted implants could cause potential risks of surface contamination because of the presence of blasting particles remnants. Conclusions: The examined implant surfaces showed different roughness levels in relation to the superficial treatment applied. The acid-etched surfaces were characterized by the presence of deeper valleys and higher peaks than the sandblasted surfaces. For this reason, acid-etched surfaces can be more easily damaged by the stress produced by the peri-implant bone during surgical implant placement.

Influence of the Titanium Implant Surface Treatment on the Surface Roughness and Chemical Composition

“…These elements can modify surface properties even when present in small quantities and may affect the body´s response during the osseointegration process, leading to the formation of undesirable tissues between bone/implant interface [18,19]. Although the effects caused by these low concentration trace elements are relatively weak studied, there is a broad agreement that comprehensive control of the implant surface and elimination of undesirable chemical compounds must be done to improve implant quality [20].…”

Maintenance and Restoration Effect of the Surface Hydrophilicity of Pure Titanium by Sodium Hydroxide Treatment and Its Effect on the Bioactivity of Osteoblasts

“…However, Ti and Ti alloys are inert materials that cannot be chemically bonded with bone tissue. Therefore, many subtractive and additive techniques have been introduced to alter the surface morphology of implants, such as sandblasting, acid etching, oxidizing, or combinations of these techniques [9][10][11]. Sandblasting and acid etching (SLA) is one of the most commonly used methods.…”

Esthetic and Physical Changes of Innovative Titanium Surface Properties Obtained with Laser Technology

“…The laser obtained white color showed optical features not completely adequate for enamel, ceramic, or zirconia and more similar to machined titanium. Different spaces of the laser obtained microgrooves showed similar profilometric values and scanning microscopy measurements capable of promoting cells' alignment and migration [25,26,[30][31][32]. Compared with the traditional titanium surface treatment, the laser ablation method can be considered particularly efficient, faster, highly reproducible, environmentally suitable, and economic.…”