Effect of different sources and levels of iron in the diet of sows on iron status in neonatal pigs

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the effects of maternal dietary supplementation of ferrous glycine chelate (Fe-Gly) and ferrous sulfate monohydrate (FeSO4·H2O) on the relative organ weight, tissue iron contents, red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin concentration (HGB) and hematocrit (HCT) in blood, as well as ferritin (Fn), serum iron (SI), and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) in serum of newborn piglets. Forty-five sows (Landrace × Large white, mean parity 3 to 4, no significant differences in BW) were randomly allotted to 9 treatments (n = 5 sows/treatment): control (basal diet with no Fe supplementation), the basal diet supplemented with 50, 80, 110 or 140 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Gly, and the basal diet supplemented with 50, 80, 110 or 140 mg Fe/kg as FeSO4·H2O. The neonatal piglets (n = 45) were used to determine the relative organ weight, tissue iron contents and blood biochemical indices. Compared with the control, the relative weight of spleen and kidney were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the Fe-Gly groups. The iron contents in liver, spleen, kidney and femur were also found increased (P < 0.05) in the Fe-Gly groups. The RBC (d 1 and 21), HGB (d 1 and 21) and HCT (d 1 and 21) in blood and Fn (d 1) and SI (d 1 and 21) significantly increased (P < 0.05), but the TIBC (d 1 and 21) in serum decreased (P < 0.05) in the Fe-Gly groups. Moreover, the kidney relative weight, iron content in liver, spleen, kidney and femur, RBC (d 1) and HGB (d 21) in blood, and SI (d 1) in the Fe-Gly groups increased (P < 0.05) compared with the FeSO4·H2O treatment. Linear and quadratic responses of the kidney relative weight, the iron content in liver, spleen, kidney and femur, RBC (d 1 and 21), HGB (d 1 and 21) and HCT (d 1 and 21) in whole blood, SI (d 1) and TIBC (d 1 and 21) in the Fe-Gly groups were observed (P < 0.05). Linear responses of Fn (d 1 and 21) and SI (d 21) in the Fe-Gly groups, and spleen relative weight, HCT (d 1), Fn (d 1) and TIBC (d 1 and 21) in the FeSO4·H2O groups were observed (P < 0.05). These finding suggest that Fe-Gly supplemented at the level of 110 mg/kg in the diet of sows in this experiment is superior to other forms of supplementation, based on HGB concentration, the relative organ weight, tissue iron contents and blood biochemical indices of piglets.

Effects of over‐load iron on nutrient digestibility, haemato‐biochemistry, rumen fermentation and bacterial communities in sheep

“…It has been shown that corn stalk had the highest NDF and ADF degradation rate when the sulphur content was 0.18% in sheep diet (Zheng, Duan, & Hou, 2009). In in vitro studies, rumen cellulose degradation increased linearly with increasing level of sulphur, but when the sulphur content reached to 0.4%, the degradation of cellulose decreased relative to the sulphur level of 0.33% and 0.38% (Barton, Bull, & Hemken, 1971 to our findings, Spruill, Hays, and Cromwell (1971) had also reported that feeding high iron diets during gestation could increase SI in sows, and Li et al (2018) found that iron from an amino acid complex could increase SI in the blood. Total iron-bindi ng capacity could reflect the blood's capacity to bind iron with trans ferrin, a value that usually increases in the case of iron deficiency (Smith, Moore, Boyington, Pollmann, & Schoneweis, 1984).…”

“…The ARC (1980) andNRC (1985) suggested that 0.14%-0.18% dietary sulphur is adequate for sheep. Spruill, Hays, and Cromwell (1971) had also reported that feeding high iron diets during gestation could increase SI in sows, and Li et al (2018) found that iron from an amino acid complex could increase SI in the blood. It has been shown that corn stalk had the highest NDF and ADF degradation rate when the sulphur content was 0.18% in sheep diet (Zheng, Duan, & Hou, 2009).…”

Iron Deficiency in Obesity and after Bariatric Surgery

“…Iron (Fe) is one of about 20 essential trace elements bearing crucial functions in the human organism and almost all living systems [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Fe is a redox-active element highly widespread in the majority of human tissues, particularly, as it is well known, in muscle cells (myoglobin) and erythrocytes (hemoglobin) [ 4 ].…”

Effect of Oral Supplementation of Healthy Pregnant Sows with Sucrosomial Ferric Pyrophosphate on Maternal Iron Status and Hepatic Iron Stores in Newborn Piglets

“…However, while in preterm human neonates the shortage of stored iron results from shortened period of iron deposition in the fetal liver, in term newborn piglets the main reason is the physiological inability of pregnant sow to meet iron demand for the greater number of fetuses. Several studies have attempted to increase the level of iron hepatic iron stores in fetuses by treating pregnant sows with iron supplements [16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. However, supplementation of sows at various stages of pregnancy, using various iron supplements administered orally or parenterally has no significant impact on the improvement of the iron status of newborn piglets and thus does not prevent suckling animals from becoming anemic (reviewed in Reference [23]).…”