Effect of different dietary levels of commercial wood charcoal on growth, body composition and environmental loading of red tilapia hybrid

Abstract

A 60-day feeding study was performed to evaluate the role of dietary commercial wood charcoal (CWC) in fish growth performance, body composition and water quality of fingerlings red tilapias (Oreochromis mossambicus 9 Oreochromis niloticus). Four levels of charcoal (10, 20, 30 and 40 g kg À1 ) were added to the control diet (0 g kg À1 CWC) and fed to red tilapias (initial weight of 1.20 AE 0.04 g). At the end of the feeding trial, the fish weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and energy retention of the fish groups fed 30 and 40 g kg À1 (CWC) in diet were significantly (P < 0.05) higher comparing with all other tested fish groups. Moreover, some proximate composition such as crude protein and nitrogen retention efficiency g kg À1 of the fish groups fed on 30 and 40 g kg À1 CWC diets showed higher values (P < 0.05) than those of other tested fish groups (0, 10 and 20 g kg À1 CWC). Apparent digestibility coefficients of protein and dry matter were improved (P < 0.05) in CWC-tested fish groups compared to the control fish group. These data were powered by the data of the water quality that showed significant (P < 0.05) enhancement in both dissolved oxygen and ammonia concentrations by the increment in dietary charcoal levels. The above-mentioned parameters' data suggested that 30 g kg À1 dietary CWC can be considered as a suitable level to maintain normal growth of red tilapia juveniles as well as to enhance water quality of the rearing area.

The effect of diets containing different levels of active charcoal on growth performance, body composition, haematological parameters and possibility of heavy metals detoxification in big sturgeon (Huso huso)

“…There are also contrasting observations about other fish species. Michael et al (), for instance, introduced a concentration of 30 g/kg to be optimal for feeding Red tilapia ( O. mossambicus × O. niloticus ) while Thu et al () fed Japanese flounder ( Paralichthy olivaceus ) with 0.25%–4% of bamboo charcoal and found an appropriate amount of 5 g/kg. The differences in optimum concentrations could be attributed to differences in the charcoal production source, farming conditions, fish species and their weights, and fish feeding habits.…”

“…Also, unlike PER, FCR was affected by heavy metal content only in 20 g treatment in which FCR was increased and it was probably because 20 g carbon per kg of food was not suitable for beluga. The best FCR and PER values in Red tilapia were obtained in fish fed by 30 and 40 g of activated charcoal (Michael et al, ). The ability of activated charcoal in excreting gases, undesirable toxins and heavy metals along with promoting food digestion and metabolism resulted in improvements in growing and feeding fish.…”

“…The ability of activated charcoal in excreting gases, undesirable toxins and heavy metals along with promoting food digestion and metabolism resulted in improvements in growing and feeding fish. Also, activated charcoal enhances the activity of intestinal function by increasing the length of intestinal villi and enterocytes, thereby raising food intake associated with increased growth rate (Michael et al, ).…”

“…The effect of adding activated charcoal to the diet of some fish species has been investigated by several researchers, indicating its positive effects on the growth efficiency, bodily chemical composition and removal of heavy metals, including those in Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ; Abdel‐Tawwab, El‐Sayed, & Shady, ), hybrid red tilapia ( O. mossambicus × O. niloticus ; Michael et al, ) and Japanese flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus ; Thu, Koshio, Ishikawa, & Yokoyama, ). On the other hand, Boonanuntanasarn, Khaomek, Pitaksong, & Hua, , concluded that adding activated charcoal in fish diets has no significant positive effect.…”

Application of probioticBacillusspp. isolated from African nightcrawler (Eudrilus eugeniae) on Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticusL.)

“…The need for sustainable aquaculture has encouraged exploration into the use of feed additives for growth promotion and health improvement of aquatic organisms (Zokaeifar et al 2012;Saleh et al 2015;Michael et al 2017;Samson 2019b, a). These feed additives such as the probiotic bacteria are used for the growth promotion, pathogen inhibition, enhanced nutrient utilization, water remediation, stress tolerance, and reproduction of aquatic species (Balcazar et al 2006;Cruz et al 2012).…”