This research demonstrated that multiple ejaculatory series may be critically important for successful reproduction by multiparous old females near the end of their active reproductive lives. Multiple series were essential for successful pregnancy, apparently because more than one series was necessary to induce functional luteal activity. Thus, (a) females receiving just one series failed to show the cessation of regular estrous cycles which characteristically follows induction of a functional luteal phase; (b) direct measurement of plasma progestins by radioimmunoassay revealed that only those females receiving more than one series had circulating levels significantly higher than unmated, normally cycling controls; and (c) administration of exogenous progesterone increased significantly the incidence of successful pregnancy among females allowed to mate through only one series. In addition to facilitating the occurrence of pregnancy, multiple series also increased both the number of eggs released at ovulation and the number of embryos present and developing 12 days later. It is concluded that multiple series may function as a behavioral mechanism for prolonging the female's active reproductive life.In the normal copulatory pattern of rats, about the biological function of these prethe male typically delivers several intro-ejaculatory insertions except that they missions (mounts with vaginal penetra-were necessary for the occurrence of ejacution) prior to ejaculation (Beach & Jordan, lation by the male (Carlsson & Larsson, 1956). For many years little was known 1962; Larsson, 1956Larsson, , 1958Larsson, , 1959. However, more recent work has shown that the This paper is based upon a doctoral dissertation male's multiple intromissions may also submitted to the University of Florida by the first have a variety of important effects on the author in December, 1974. The research was sup-reproductive system of the female; for exported in part by Grant GB-33837X from the Naample resea rch has shown that the stimu-S£SS^S±S?t^±ST^ lation P^ded by the male's behavior is Conference on Reproductive Behavior, Nags Head, responsible for ensuring adequate sperm North Carolina, May 1975. The progesterone antise-transport required for ovum fertilization rum was provided through the courtesy of K. T. (Adler, 1969;Chester & Zucker, 1970) as Kirton of the Upjohn Co Kalamazoo, Michigan.