Effect of different activation agents for activated carbon preparation through characterization and life cycle assessment

Amin, Muhammad; Chung, E.; Shah, Hamad Hussain

doi:10.1007/s13762-022-04472-6

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…An approach to environmental analysis should have been made; a life cycle assessment (LCA) study may be needed to estimate the impact of chemical utilization on ecological footprints. A comparative study could also be an option since the laboratory-and industrial-scale have different material and tools requirements (Amin et al, 2023). KOH is one of the activating agents used for carbon and is quite popular because the price is cheaper than that of other activator agents.…”

Section: B) Chemical Activationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valorization of oil palm empty fruit bunches into activated carbon: A mini-review

Putra Agus Pratama,

Ainur Rohma,

Elviliana

et al. 2024

AFSSAAE

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This paper aimed to comprehensively review the potential valorization of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFBs) into activated carbon and its potential application. Activated carbon is carbon processed through dual phases, including carbonization and activation. Firstly, this process converts biomass into carbon thermally with zero to little oxygen conditions. Next, the carbon needs to be activated to stimulate the formation of pores and reduce impurities. The activated carbon’s quality is influenced by the activation process, which can be done physically, chemically, or physiochemically. Activated carbon has an amorphous structure and abundant internal pore structure, thus increasing the surface area. In Indonesia, the quality of active carbon is regulated by Indonesian National Standards or SNI 06-370-1995. The factors influencing the activation step include activator agent type, activator agent concentration, activation ratio and time, etc. . Generally, activated carbon can be widely applied to various sectors, such as agriculture (i.e., slow-released fertilizer, fertilizer, etc.), waste treatment (i.e., adsorbent, activator in anaerobic digestion/AD, bioremediation, etc.), gas purification, ceramic membrane, etc. However, further in-depth investigation is required to determine potential scaling-up and commercialization.

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Section: B) Chemical Activationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valorization of oil palm empty fruit bunches into activated carbon: A mini-review

Putra Agus Pratama,

Ainur Rohma,

Elviliana

et al. 2024

AFSSAAE

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“…Naturally, a wide range of biomass sources are available for activated carbon (AC) production. When using AC as a carbon support, several aspects must be addressed, the most significant of which are the surface area of the AC, its composition, and the activation agent used to prepare the AC ( Amin et al, 2022b ). The greater the surface area, the higher the gas retention period, which improves catalytic activity and selectivity for liquid fuel products ( Amin and Shah, 2022 ); ( Amin, 2023 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life cycle assessment of iron-biomass supported catalyst for Fischer Tropsch synthesis

Amin,

Shah,

Naveed

et al. 2024

Front. Chem.

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The iron-based biomass-supported catalyst has been used for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS). However, there is no study regarding the life cycle assessment (LCA) of biomass-supported iron catalysts published in the literature. This study discusses a biomass-supported iron catalyst’s LCA for the conversion of syngas into a liquid fuel product. The waste biomass is one of the source of activated carbon (AC), and it has been used as a support for the catalyst. The FTS reactions are carried out in the fixed-bed reactor at low or high temperatures. The use of promoters in the preparation of catalysts usually enhances C5+ production. In this study, the collection of precise data from on-site laboratory conditions is of utmost importance to ensure the credibility and validity of the study’s outcomes. The environmental impact assessment modeling was carried out using the OpenLCA 1.10.3 software. The LCA results reveals that the synthesis process of iron-based biomass supported catalyst yields a total impact score in terms of global warming potential (GWP) of 1.235E + 01 kg CO2 equivalent. Within this process, the AC stage contributes 52% to the overall GWP, while the preparation stage for the catalyst precursor contributes 48%. The comprehensive evaluation of the iron-based biomass supported catalyst’s impact score in terms of human toxicity reveals a total score of 1.98E−02 kg 1,4-dichlorobenzene (1,4-DB) equivalent.

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“…Depleting the fossil fuels the scientific community is looking for alternate raw materials to meet human needs as a result of climate changes brought on by anthropogenic emissions and fossil fuel feedstock ( Capellán-Pérez et al, 2014 ). Biomass is the second main source of organic carbon on our planet ( Ahorsu et al, 2018 ) has been identified as a source of resources that is renewable and possibly sustainable ( Esposito and Antonietti, 2015 )-( amin et al, 2022 ). Therefore, it is not surprising that several biomass conversion techniques have been created in recent years ( Corma Canos et al, 2007 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Pyrolysis on iron-metal organic frameworks (MOFs) to Fe3C @ Fe5C2 for diesel production in Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

et al. 2023

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The Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) is a significant catalytic chemical reaction that produces ultra-clean fuels or chemicals with added value from a syngas mixture of CO and H2 obtained from biomass, coal, or natural gas. The presence of sulfur is not considered good for producing liquid fuels for(FTS). In this study, we reveal that the presence of sulfur in ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 MOF provides the high amount, 52.50% of light hydrocarbons in the carbon chain distribution. The calcined ferric nitrate Fe(NO₃)₃ MOF reveals the highest 93.27% diesel production. Calcination is regarded as an essential factor in enhancing liquid fuel production. Here, we probed the calcination effect of Metal Organic Framework (MOF) on downstream application syngas to liquid fuels. The XRD results of MOF. N and P. MOF.N shows the formation of the active phase of iron carbide (Fe5C2), considered the most active phase of FTS. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of iron sulfate MOF catalyst (P.MOF.S) reveals that the existence of sulfur creates pores inside the particles due to the reaction of free water molecules with the sulfur derivate. The surface functional groups of prepared MOFs and tested MOFS were analyzed by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The thermal stability of prepared MOFS was analyzed by Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The surface areas and structural properties of the catalysts were measured by N2-Physiosorption technique.

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Effect of different activation agents for activated carbon preparation through characterization and life cycle assessment

Cited by 15 publications

References 47 publications

Valorization of oil palm empty fruit bunches into activated carbon: A mini-review

Valorization of oil palm empty fruit bunches into activated carbon: A mini-review

Life cycle assessment of iron-biomass supported catalyst for Fischer Tropsch synthesis

Effect of Pyrolysis on iron-metal organic frameworks (MOFs) to Fe3C @ Fe5C2 for diesel production in Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

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