Effect of diets with goat milk fat supplemented with exercise on anxiety and oxidative stress in the brains of adult rats

Abstract

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of a diet with goat milk fat supplemented with physical training on markers of oxidative stress in the brain and anxiety behavior in rats. Adult male rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 10 per group): control sedentary (CON) and exercised (CON-EX) groups, goat milk fat sedentary (GM) and exercised (GM-EX) groups, goat milk fat enriched with CLA sedentary (GM-CLA) and exercised (GM-CLA-EX) groups. The exercised groups were submitted to treadmill running during four weeks. Anxiety parameters were evaluated with the open field (OF) and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured in the brain. Compared to the CON and GM groups, the GM-CLA group (p < 0.05), in which the animals were treated with goat milk fat with an increased CLA content, showed higher rearing. All exercised animals presented an increase in grooming when compared to sedentary animals. The number of entries in the open arms and time spent in the open arms was higher in sedentary groups (p < 0.05). MDA levels in the brain were lower in the GM group when compared to those in the CON group (p < 0.05). MDA increased in exercised animals (p < 0.05). GM and GM-CLA groups showed a significant elevation in the GSH levels in the brain. Goat milk fat, however, showed a potential effect on the reduction of oxidative stress, which was associated with a reduction in anxiety behavior. However, this beneficial effect was reversed when exercise was involved.

Glutathione levels and activities of glutathione metabolism enzymes in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Second, most of the studies used blood samples; however, it remains unclear the extent to which the metabolites in the periphery correlate with those in the central nervous system. Third, the present study did not consider confounding factors such as food or smoking although several studies showed their effects on GSH levels (Barbosa et al, 2018; Diken et al, 2001; Zaki et al, 2019). Fourth, the sample sizes of the studies were relatively small.…”

Developing cookies formulated with goat cream enriched with conjugated linoleic acid

“…The CB, CG, and CGCLA presented higher percentages of SFA in comparison to the CVF (Table 6) (p<0.05). However, when comparing CG with CGCLA, it was observed that CGCLA presented fewer SFAs by 7.89%, this reduction was associated to addition of soybean oil to the goats’ diet, altering the lipid profile of the goat cream [11]. The principal component analysis (PCA) positively correlated MUFA and TFA with CVF, and the cookies presented higher percentages of FAs.…”

“…In the cookies elaborated in the present research, the decrease of C10: 0, and the increase of CLA were observed in both CG and CGCLA. The fat naturally enriched with CLA used in the elaboration of the CGCLA received similar treatment, the goat ration was augmented with soybean oil [11].…”

“…The goats were fed (both for 20 days) with either a standard diet to obtain fat with a normal CLA content, or a standard diet plus 3.5% soybean oil to produce a natural CLA enriched milk. Subsequently, the milks were collected and skimmed separately to collect the fats which were frozen and stored until elaborations of the cookies [11]. The other ingredients used in the cookie formulations were purchased from Joao Pessoa-PB and Recife-PE markets.…”

Evaluation of the effectiveness of macaíba palm seed kernel (Acrocomia intumescens drude) on anxiolytic activity, memory preservation and oxidative stress in the brain of dyslipidemic rats

“…In the present work we also exposed the rats to the EPM. The EPM is a widely used anxiety model [44][45][46], and has been validated by Pellow et al [35] in behavioral, physiological, and pharmacological approaches. [47].…”