Effect of dietary Spirulina level on growth, fertility, coloration and leucocyte count in red swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri

Abstract

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Dietary dried periphyton can improve growth, digestive enzyme, serum biochemical, antioxidant response and intestinal morphometric of Nile tilapia

“…In this context, Brito et al (2004) showed that intake of algae could improve the activity of endogenous enzymes in aquatic animal's activity. Previous trials showed that microalgae such as spirulina enhanced the microbial balance in the digestive tract, resulting in better growth by improving nutrient absorption and secretion of the digestive enzyme (James et al, 2006; Teimouri et al, 2013). Therefore, the influence of the inclusion of periphyton to increase digestive enzyme activity could be attributed to the following reasons: i) increase the cell wall; ii) other components of periphyton improve the activities of amylase and lipase; iii) cell wall and other bioactive compounds boost the activity of the digestive enzymes and increase their secretion by the shrimp (Moss and Moss, 2004; Anand et al, 2013); v) inclusion of periphyton resulted in enhance digestive enzyme activity and enhance nutrients availability through eliminating the ant‐nutrients in the diet; vi) periphyton modify and adjust the villi length and width that consequently improve nutrients assimilation capacity.…”

“…In this context, Brito et al (2004) showed that intake of algae could improve the activity of endogenous enzymes in aquatic animal's activity. Previous trials showed that microalgae such as spirulina enhanced the microbial balance in the digestive tract, resulting in better growth by improving nutrient absorption and secretion of the digestive enzyme (James et al, 2006;Teimouri et al, 2013).…”

β‐Carotene of Arthrospira platensis versus vitamin C and vitamin E as a feed supplement: Effects on growth, haemato‐biochemical, immune‐oxidative stress and related gene expression of Nile tilapia fingerlings

“…Furthermore, black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) fed diets supplemented with 200-300 mg kg −1 of β-carotene from Dunaliella salina (Algro Nature®) had greater survival and growth performance (Supamattaya et al, 2005) (Table 7). This improvement in growth indices could be attributed to different pathways as (i) β-carotene ability to stimulate and modify microflora in fish intestines to degrade indigestible feed components (Teimouri et al, 2013), which increases the secretion of digestive enzymes to transport fats for metabolism rather than storage, resulting in improved nutrient utilization, digestive efficiency, growth and protein synthesis in fish (James et al, 2006;Teimouri et al, 2013), (ii) β-carotene's antioxidant properties of free radical scavenging to minimize the oxidative damage, enhance immune system response and consequently improve growth performance, feed efficiency and health status; the bioactive compounds as Vitamins E and C and β-carotene improve growth hormone level in serum, (iii) improving the intestinal morphology, (iv) increase the intestinal absorptive surface, (v) enhance oxidative stability of feeds, fatty acid metabolism, protein synthesis and the immune and antioxidant function in fish (Abdel Rahman et al, 2018;Chagas & Val, 2003;Faramarzi, 2012) and v) the activity of anti-inflammatory mediators and antioxidant enzymes have greatly improved (Duquette et al, 2014;Hurnik et al, 2011;Kang et al, 2018), which is responsible for the favourable impacts on growth.…”

Microalgae and Fish Nutrition

“…Spirulina has been shown to have therapeutic effects in animals, including fish, as a growth promoter, probiotic, and immune system booster [10]. Spirulina is used to help livestock, poultry, prawns, carp, canaries, and exotic birds develop faster [11].…”

“…It is also utilized as a probiotic agent and as a food supplement to increase color in ornamental fish. Spirulina contains protein (60-70%), necessary amino acids and fatty acids, phycocyanin (14%), chlorophyll (1%) and carotenoid colors (0.37%), vitamin B-12, and minerals that play key functions in animals in a variety of ways [10,12].…”