Effect of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 on Salivary Glucose – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Mascarenhas, Paulo; Fatela, Bruno; Barahona, Isabel

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101706

Cited by 78 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…Some studies reported differently [11, 12]. We are aware of the reviews looking at the usefulness of salivary glucose to monitor glycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus [13] or non-specified diabetes mellitus [14, 15]. Although all forms of diabetes mellitus are characterised by hyperglycaemia, their aetiology and pathogenesis vary.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary glucose in monitoring glycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review

Naing

Mak

2017

J Diabetes Metab Disord

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BackgroundIncidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide. Monitoring glycaemia is essential for control of diabetes mellitus. Conventional blood-based measurement of glucose requires venepuncture or needle prick, which is not free from pain and risk of infection. The non-invasiveness, ease and low-cost in collection made saliva an attractive alternative sample. The objective of this review was to systematically review the evidence on the relationship between salivary glucose level and blood glucose level in monitoring glycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.MethodsWe searched studies which evaluate salivary glucose levels and serum glycaemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus in electronic databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Ovid and Google Scholar. We selected the eligible studies, following the inclusion criteria set for this review. Due to heterogeneity of studies, we conducted qualitative synthesis of studies.ResultsTen observational studies were included in this review, including a total of 321 cases and 323 controls with ages between 3 and 61 years and the majority were males (62%). Two studies were done exclusively on children below 17 years old. The significant difference between salivary glucose levels in type 1 diabetes mellitus and controls were reported in 6 studies with 8 data sets. Five studies with 7 datasets reported the correlation coefficient between salivary glucose and blood glucose in patients with diabetes.ConclusionsFindings suggest that salivary glucose concentrations may be helpful in monitoring glycaemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus. However, the utility of using salivary glucose level to monitor glycaemia should be evaluated in future well designed, prospective studies with adequate number of participants with type 1 diabetes mellitus.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40200-017-0287-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary glucose in monitoring glycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review

Naing

Mak

2017

J Diabetes Metab Disord

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“…3,8,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Of the 19 studies, 16 revealed a positive correlation between SG levels and BG/serum glucose levels. It is worth pointing out that SG values measured by groups from India, Iran, and Brazil 23-29 vary a lot from the others.…”

Section: Original Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cyclic voltammetry tests determined steady-state calibration curve of SWNT/(CS/GNp/GOx)3 functionalized Pt electrode at an applied potential by testing (A) glucose in PBS; (B) spiked salivary glucose. Error bars, ± standard deviation and n = 3.…”

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confidence: 99%

An On-Chip Disposable Salivary Glucose Sensor for Diabetes Control

Zhang

Wang

2016

J Diabetes Sci Technol

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“…1 Blood testing remains the standard for screening, monitoring, and diagnosis of DM, while being invasive and painful. But these techniques are inconvenient and perturb daily life, cause anxiety, and are difficult to do in long-term diabetics due to development of finger calluses, poor peripheral circulation, risk of infection, and need for skilled manpower.…”

Section: Letter To the Editormentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary Glucose as a Diagnostic Marker for Diabetes Mellitus

Smriti

Pai

Vineetha

et al. 2016

J Diabetes Sci Technol

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Early screening of diabetes mellitus (DM) is essential for improved prognosis and effective delay of clinical complications and has been suggested as an important strategy to lower the incidence of this disease worldwide.1 Blood testing remains the standard for screening, monitoring, and diagnosis of DM, while being invasive and painful. But these techniques are inconvenient and perturb daily life, cause anxiety, and are difficult to do in long-term diabetics due to development of finger calluses, poor peripheral circulation, risk of infection, and need for skilled manpower.Recently, many studies have focused on the development of saliva-based tests for screening and monitoring systemic diseases, including DM.2-6 Saliva testing could potentially bypass the issues associated with blood tests with some distinctive advantages which would be particularly useful in the young, in the elderly, and for large-scale screening or epidemiological interventions. However, the effectiveness of saliva-based tests is still under debate. Our study was done to compare fasting salivary glucose (FSG) levels in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals and to evaluate normal cutoff of FSG levels.A total of 60 subjects known to have DM who were on medication, 60 subjects who were freshly diagnosed DM not under medication, and 60 controls (nondiabetic individuals) were included in the study. An informed consent was obtained from each subject. Subjects with xerostomia, salivary gland disorders, oral lesions with bleeding, or any other systemic illness were excluded from the study. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) was determined in all the subjects. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected in the morning after drawing the blood and salivary glucose was estimated by glucose oxidase-peroxidase method.There was significant difference in the mean salivary glucose levels among the 3 study groups (P < .001). Post hoc analysis showed that the mean FSG was highest in diabetics not under medication (11.68 ± 1.97 mg/dl) followed by diabetics on medication (9.68 ± 2.48 mg/dl) with least being in controls (6.50 ± 0.47 mg/dl). There was significant positive strong correlation between FSG and FBG in diabetics not under medication (r = .941, P < .001), diabetics on medication (r = .981, P < .001), and controls (r = .937, P < .001). ROC curves were plotted by calculating the sensitivity and specificity of salivary glucose in predicting the diagnosis of diabetes status. The area under the curve was 0.998 and was above the reference line, which suggests that the curve predicted individuals with disease. Optimal cutoff point was considered to be 7.05, with sensitivity of 99.1 and specificity of 93.7%. No studies previously have reported optimal cutoff point for salivary glucose concentration. Hence it can be extrapolated that individuals having salivary glucose level above 7.05 mg/dl may have uncontrolled DM. Thus in the present study, glucose was detectable in saliva in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. There was a positive correlation between FBG and FSG.H...

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Effect of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 on Salivary Glucose – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Cited by 78 publications

References 24 publications

Salivary glucose in monitoring glycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review

Salivary glucose in monitoring glycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review

An On-Chip Disposable Salivary Glucose Sensor for Diabetes Control

Salivary Glucose as a Diagnostic Marker for Diabetes Mellitus

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