Salivary glucose in monitoring glycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review

Abstract

BackgroundIncidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide. Monitoring glycaemia is essential for control of diabetes mellitus. Conventional blood-based measurement of glucose requires venepuncture or needle prick, which is not free from pain and risk of infection. The non-invasiveness, ease and low-cost in collection made saliva an attractive alternative sample. The objective of this review was to systematically review the evidence on the relationship between salivary glucose level and blood glucose level in monitoring glycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.MethodsWe searched studies which evaluate salivary glucose levels and serum glycaemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus in electronic databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Ovid and Google Scholar. We selected the eligible studies, following the inclusion criteria set for this review. Due to heterogeneity of studies, we conducted qualitative synthesis of studies.ResultsTen observational studies were included in this review, including a total of 321 cases and 323 controls with ages between 3 and 61 years and the majority were males (62%). Two studies were done exclusively on children below 17 years old. The significant difference between salivary glucose levels in type 1 diabetes mellitus and controls were reported in 6 studies with 8 data sets. Five studies with 7 datasets reported the correlation coefficient between salivary glucose and blood glucose in patients with diabetes.ConclusionsFindings suggest that salivary glucose concentrations may be helpful in monitoring glycaemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus. However, the utility of using salivary glucose level to monitor glycaemia should be evaluated in future well designed, prospective studies with adequate number of participants with type 1 diabetes mellitus.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40200-017-0287-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Infrared spectroscopy based on broadly tunable quantum cascade lasers and polycrystalline diamond waveguides

“…While the exemplary analysis of glucose in saliva herein has been selected as an example demonstrating the device performance for analysis in a complex real-world matrix, further research on improved evaluation algorithms and with an increased number of patients has to be executed for evaluating the potential relationship between blood and glucose levels. 37 For a more precise and accurate quantitative evaluation of salivary glucose levels, the complexity of the molecular composition of saliva requires applying advanced multivariate calibration algorithms during further studies to adequately represent potentially interfering molecules such as glycated proteins, inorganic salts, etc.…”

Salivary molecular spectroscopy: A sustainable, rapid and non-invasive monitoring tool for diabetes mellitus during insulin treatment

“…Currently, a broad set of methods are used to analyze saliva including immunoassays, colorimetric, enzymatic, kinetic, chromatographic and mass spectrometric analysis [11]. Several studies showed higher salivary glucose levels in DM patients than non-hyperglycemic controls, however, the studies reject the idea of a direct relationship between salivary glucose and glycemia in diabetic patients [6,[12][13][14][15][16][17]. Another limitation of salivary-based measurement of glucose for diabetes monitoring is the presence of glucose in foods, which can disturb the monitoring process as it induces changes in salivary glucose concentration.…”

A fully inkjet-printed disposable glucose sensor on paper

“…3d, inset). [35][36][37][38] To evaluate the ability of the sensor to detect glucose in saliva, we collected a saliva sample from a healthy, non-diabetic volunteer who was asked to fast 12 h before the extraction of saliva. Using a commercially available glucose assay kit, we found glucose in this sample at a concentration of 28 µM.…”

“…4b). [35][36][37][38] Diabetic patients are advised to keep their blood glucose levels close to the target range below 7 mM (fasting). 39,40 Recent studies have demonstrated a significant positive correlation between the concentration of glucose in saliva and blood for healthy and Fig.…”

“…The glucose concentration in the measurement solution is 1 mM diabetic patients and substantiated the role of saliva as a noninvasive diagnostic tool. [35][36][37][38] In saliva, the equivalent of this critical concentration is ca. 0.13 mM.…”