Effect of detomidine on visceral and somatic nociception and duodenal motility in conscious adult horses

Elfenbein, Johanna R.; Sanchez, L. Chris; Robertson, Sheilah A.; Cole, C. V.; Samś, R. A.

doi:10.1111/j.1467-2995.2008.00441.x

Cited by 57 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…The most commonly used analgesic medications in horses include the alpha 2 -adrenergic agonists, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and opioids. Despite well-documented analgesic properties, the alpha 2 -adrenergic agonists profoundly decrease gastrointestinal motility [1-3] making these drugs a poor choice for prolonged administration. NSAIDs can lead to gastric and colonic ulceration and renal tubular necrosis, potentially life-threatening side effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systemic and anti-nociceptive effects of prolonged lidocaine, ketamine, and butorphanol infusions alone and in combination in healthy horses

et al. 2014

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BackgroundProlonged drug infusions are used to treat horses with severe signs of pain, but can be associated with altered gastrointestinal transit. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of prolonged constant rate infusions (CRI) of lidocaine (L), butorphanol (B), and ketamine (K) alone and in combination on gastrointestinal transit, behavior, and thermal nociceptive threshold in healthy horses.MethodsEight healthy adult horses were used in a randomized, cross-over, blinded, prospective experimental trial. Interventions were saline, L, K, B, LK, LB, BK, and LBK as an intravenous CRI for 96 hours. Drugs were mixed or diluted in saline; following a bolus, CRI rate was 0.15mL/kg/hr with drug doses as follows: L – 1.3 mg/kg then 3 mg/kg/hr; B – 0.018 mg/kg then 0.013 mg/kg/hr; K – 0.55 mg/kg then 0.5 mg/kg/hr. Two-hundred plastic beads were administered intragastrically by nasogastric tube immediately prior to the bolus. Feces were collected every 2 hours, weighed, and beads manually retrieved. Behavior was scored every 2 hours, vital parameters every 6 hours, and thermal nociceptive threshold every 12 hours for 96 hours. Drug concentrations in the LBK solution were tested every 6 hours for 72 hours.ResultsFour of 64 trials (3 LBK, 1 BK) were discontinued early due to signs of abdominal discomfort. There were no apparent differences between groups in vital parameters or thermal threshold. Transit time was delayed for LB and LBK with a corresponding decrease in fecal weight that was most severe in the final 24 hours of infusion. Significant changes in behavior scores, vital parameters, or thermal threshold were not observed. The concentration of each drug in the combined solution declined by less than 31% over the sampling period.ConclusionsDrug combinations containing butorphanol cause an apparent delay in gastrointestinal transit in healthy horses without substantially affecting somatic nociception at the doses studied. Combinations of lidocaine and ketamine may have less impact on gastrointestinal transit than infusions combined with butorphanol. Further work is needed to determine the effects of these drugs in painful or critically ill patients.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systemic and anti-nociceptive effects of prolonged lidocaine, ketamine, and butorphanol infusions alone and in combination in healthy horses

et al. 2014

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“…Among different stimulation modalities heat stimuli are widely used in classic tests [2-4]. In horses, contact heat and radiant heat have been used as a quantifiable stimulus to determine temperature thresholds [5-8] or the latency between stimulation and response [9-12]. A thermode based system for determination of thermal nociceptive thresholds, initially designed and validated for use in cats [13], has been adapted for the use in horses [5-8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In horses, contact heat and radiant heat have been used as a quantifiable stimulus to determine temperature thresholds [5-8] or the latency between stimulation and response [9-12]. A thermode based system for determination of thermal nociceptive thresholds, initially designed and validated for use in cats [13], has been adapted for the use in horses [5-8]. When using such systems, definition of a clear cut end-point of stimulation, such as skin twitching, shaking or hoof withdrawal is crucial for reliable and repeatable determination of the nociceptive threshold [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of contact heat thermal threshold testing for standardized assessment of cutaneous nociception in horses - comparison of different locations and environmental conditions

et al. 2013

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BackgroundThe aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of contact heat thermal stimulation in horses at different body sites and under different environmental conditions and different test situations. Five warm-blood horses were equipped with the thermal probe located on the skin of nostril (N), withers (W) or coronary band (C). Skin temperature and reaction temperature (thermal threshold) at each location were measured and percent thermal excursion (% TE = 100 * (threshold temperature - skin temperature)/(cut-out temperature - skin temperature) was calculated. Environmental conditions were changed in partial random order for all locations, so each horse was tested in its familiar box stall and stocks, in the morning and evening and at warm and cold ambient temperatures. Type of reaction to the stimulus and horse’s general behaviour during stimulation were recorded. The stimulation sites were examined for the occurrence of possible skin lesions.ResultsSkin temperatures were significantly different during warm and cold ambient temperatures at all three locations, but remained constant over repeated stimulation. An obvious response to stimulation before reaching cut-out temperature could be detected most frequently at N and W in boxes during warm ambient temperatures. The most frequent type of reaction to thermal stimulation at the nostril was headshaking (64.6%), skin twitching at the withers (82.9%) and hoof withdrawal at the coronary band (79.2%).ConclusionThe outcome of thermal threshold testing depended on ambient temperature, stimulation site and environment. Best results with the WTT2 in horses were obtained at the nostrils or withers in a familiar environment at warm ambient temperatures.

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“…The most commonly used analgesic medications include the α 2 ‐adrenergic agonists, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and opioids. The α 2 ‐adrenergic agonists and opioids cause an immediate and profound decrease in gastrointestinal motility, which is an important disadvantage of their prolonged use 1–3 . NSAIDs such as phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine have well‐documented analgesic and anti‐inflammatory properties but can lead to gastric and colonic ulceration and renal tubular necrosis.…”

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confidence: 99%

Systemic Effects of a Prolonged Continuous Infusion of Ketamine in Healthy Horses

Elfenbein

Robertson

Corser

et al. 2011

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background: Ketamine as continuous rate infusion (CRI) provides analgesia in hospitalized horses. Objective: Determine effects of prolonged CRI of ketamine on gastrointestinal transit time, fecal weight, vital parameters, gastrointestinal borborygmi, and behavior scores in healthy adult horses.Animals: Seven adult Thoroughbred or Thoroughbred cross horses, with permanently implanted gastric cannulae. Methods: Nonblinded trial. Random assignment to 1 of 2 crossover designed treatments. Ketamine (0.55 mg/kg IV over 15 minutes followed by 1.2 mg/kg/h) or lactated Ringer's solution (50 mL IV over 15 minutes followed by 0.15 mL/kg/h) treatments. Two hundred 3Â5 mm plastic beads administered by nasogastric tube before drug administration. Every 2 hours vital parameters, behavior scores recorded, feces collected and weighed, and beads retrieved. Every 6 hours gastrointestinal borborygmi scores recorded. Study terminated upon retrieval of 180 beads (minimum 34 hours) or maximum 96 hours. Nontransit time data analyzed between hours 0 and 34.Results: No significant (P o .05) differences detected between treatments in vital signs or gastrointestinal borborygmi. Significant (P 5 .002) increase in behavior score during ketamine infusion (0.381) from hours 24-34 compared with placebo (0). Ketamine caused significant delay in passage of 25, 50, and 75% of beads (ketamine 5 30.6 AE 5.3, 41.4 AE 8.4, 65.3 AE 13.5 hours versus placebo 5 26.8 AE 7.9, 34.3 AE 11.1, 45.8 AE 19.4 hours), and significant (P o .05) decrease in fecal weight from hours 22 (12.6 AE 3.2 versus 14.5 AE 3.8 kg) through 34 (18.5 AE 3.9 versus 12.8 AE 6.4 kg) of infusion.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Ketamine CRI delayed gastrointestinal transit time in healthy horses without effect on vital parameters.

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Effect of detomidine on visceral and somatic nociception and duodenal motility in conscious adult horses

Cited by 57 publications

References 15 publications

Systemic and anti-nociceptive effects of prolonged lidocaine, ketamine, and butorphanol infusions alone and in combination in healthy horses

Systemic and anti-nociceptive effects of prolonged lidocaine, ketamine, and butorphanol infusions alone and in combination in healthy horses

Evaluation of contact heat thermal threshold testing for standardized assessment of cutaneous nociception in horses - comparison of different locations and environmental conditions

Systemic Effects of a Prolonged Continuous Infusion of Ketamine in Healthy Horses

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