Effect of cooling rate on microstructural formation and hardness of 30CrNi3Mo steel

Qiao, Zhixia; Liu, Y. C.; Yu, Liming; Gao, Xiangpeng

doi:10.1007/s00339-009-5099-0

Cited by 20 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In general, a finer microstructure is preferred to a coarser one, as small grains improve key material properties such as hardness, tensile strength and ductility by suppressing, or at least delaying, crack growth propagation [7]. The fast cooling of carbon-containing steels supports the formation of a fine martensitic structure [8] instead of an austenitic, bainitic or ferritic one when compared to conventional primary shaping processes [9]. This is desirable for the fabrication of ready-to-use components, as a subsequent heat treatment for the hardening of the final product is not necessarily required.…”

Section: Pbf-lb/mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on the Case-Hardening Behavior of Additively Manufactured 16MnCr5

Bartels

Klaffki

Pitz

et al. 2020

Metals

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Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, such as laser-based powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M), allow for the fabrication of complex parts due to their high freedom of design. PBF-LB/M is already used in several different industrial application fields, especially the automotive and aerospace industries. Nevertheless, the amount of materials being processed using AM technologies is relatively small compared to conventional manufacturing. Due to this, an extension of the material portfolio is necessary for fulfilling the demands of these industries. In this work, the AM of case-hardening steel 16MnCr5 using PBF-LB/M is investigated. In this context, the influences of different processing strategies on the final hardness of the material are studied. This includes, e.g., stress relief heat treatment and microstructure modification to increase the resulting grain size, thus ideally simplifying the carbon diffusion during case hardening. Furthermore, different heat treatment strategies (stress relief heat treatment and grain coarsening annealing) were applied to the as-built samples for modifying the microstructure and the effect on the final hardness of case-hardened specimens. The additively manufactured specimens are compared to conventionally fabricated samples after case hardening. Thus, an increase in both case-hardening depth and maximum hardness is observed for additively manufactured specimens, leading to superior mechanical properties.

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Section: Pbf-lb/mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on the Case-Hardening Behavior of Additively Manufactured 16MnCr5

Bartels

Klaffki

Pitz

et al. 2020

Metals

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“…For this reason, useful correlations can be developed that directly relate the microhardness of an alloy to cooling rate. shows such relationships between hardness and cooling rates for collected data on steels [61][62][63][64][65][66], aluminum alloys [67][68][69][70][71] and nickel alloys [72][73][74][75][76] in which plates or bars are cooled at controllable rates. The logarithmic scale on the horizontal axis shows that the cooling rates cover multiple orders of magnitudes.…”

Section: Cooling Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 4. Hardness data as a function of reported cooling rates for (a) steels [61][62][63][64][65][66], (b) aluminum alloys [67][68][69][70][71] and (c) nickel alloys [72][73][74][75][76] in which no post-processing heat treatment was used. Hardness variations as a function of location within a DED-L single pass, multilayer build of IN718 [81] showing (a) a longitudinal cross section (X-Z plane), (b) a transverse cross section (Y-Z plane), and (c) a horizontal cross section (X-Y plane) where X is the travel direction, Y is the track width direction, and Z is the build direction.…”

Section: (D)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Hardness of Additively Manufactured Alloys

DebRoy¹,

Zuback²

2018

Preprint

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The rapidly evolving field of additive manufacturing requires a periodic assessment of the progress made in understanding the properties of metallic components. Although extensive research has been undertaken by many investigators, the data on properties such as hardness from individual publications are often fragmented. When these published data are critically reviewed, several important insights that cannot be obtained from individual papers become apparent. We examine the role of cooling rate, microstructure, alloy composition, and post process heat treatment on the hardness of additively manufactured components. Hardness data for steels and aluminum alloys processed by additive manufacturing and welding are compared to understand the relative roles of manufacturing processes. Furthermore, the findings are useful to determine if a target hardness is easily attainable either by adjusting AM process variables or through appropriate alloy selection.

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“…Bu çalışmanın sonucunda çeliklerin ölçülen sertlik değerlerinin, soğuma hızının artmasıyla doğrusal olmayan bir artış gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca soğuma hızı 100ºC/dk'dan daha büyük olduğunda, sertliklerde artan soğuma hızıyla birlikte çok az bir düşüş yaşandığı da gözlenmiştir [9]. Shanmugam vd, niyobyumlu mikro alaşımlı çeliklerin mikro yapı ve mekanik özellikleri üzerine soğuma hızının etkisini incelediği çalışmasında; düşük soğuma hızlarında yapının ferrit ve perlit içerdiği, orta derece bir soğuma hızında yapının ferrit-perlite ek olarak çıta tipi beynitik ferrit ile dejenere perlit içerdiği ve hızlı soğuma hızlarda ise yapının ağırlıklı olarak çıta tipi beynitik ferritten oluştuğunu bildirmiştir [10].…”

Section: Gi̇ri̇ş (Introduction)unclassified

Sicak Dövme Sonrasi Kumda Ve Havada Soğutulan Çeli̇kleri̇n Kesme Kuvvetleri̇ Ve Yüzey Pürüzlülük Değerleri̇ni̇n İncelenmesi̇

Özlü¹,

Demir²,

Türkmen³

et al. 2019

NWSA

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ÖZBu çalışmada, 38MnVS6 mikroalaşımlı ve 41Cr4 ıslah çelikleri kapalı kalıpta sıcak dövme sonrası kumda ve havada kontrollü olarak soğutulmuştur. Daha sonra numunelerin mikroyapı ve sertlik ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Sıcak dövme sonrası kontrollü olarak kumda ve havada soğutulan numunelerin, mikroyapı ve sertliklerindeki değişimin işlenebilirlik üzerine etkileri incelenmiştir. İşlenebilirlik deneyleri tornalama metoduyla soğutma sıvısı kullanılmadan kuru şartlarda yapılmıştır. Tornalama deneyleri kaplamalı karbür uç kullanarak kesme hızı ve talaş derinliği sırasıyla 180 m/dak ve 0.6 mm'ye sabitlenerek dört farklı ilerleme hızında (0.04, 0.08, 0.12 ve 0.16 mm/dev) yapılmıştır. Her bir numune için yukarda bahsedilen şartlarda yapılan tornalama deneyleri sonunda kesme kuvvetleri ve yüzey pürüzlülük değerleri (Ra) ölçülmüştür. Sonuçlar, farklı ortamlarda kontrollü olarak soğutulan numunelerin mikroyapı ve sertliklerinde meydana gelen değişikliklerin kesme kuvvetlerini ve yüzey pürüzlülüğünü önemli ölçüde etkilediğini göstermiştir. ABSTRACT In this study, 38MnVS6 microalloyed and 41Cr4 heat-treatable steels were subject to a controlled cooling in air and sand after closed die hot forging. Subsequently, microstructure and hardness of the samples were measured. The effects of changes in microstructure and hardness on machinability of samples, which were controlled-cooled in air and sand after hot-forging, were investigated. The machinability test was carried out by turning method in dry conditions without using coolant. Turning tests were made by using coated carbide cutting tool at four different feed rates (0.04, 0.08, 0.12 and 0.16mm/rev) while cutting speed and cutting depth were fixed at 180m/min and 0.6mm, respectively. The cutting forces and surface roughness values (Ra) were measured for each sample at the end of turning tests which were conducted in conditions mentioned above. Results showed that changes in microstructure and hardness of samples, which were controlled-cooled in different mediums, significantly affected cutting forces and surface roughness.

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Effect of cooling rate on microstructural formation and hardness of 30CrNi3Mo steel

Cited by 20 publications

References 10 publications

Investigation on the Case-Hardening Behavior of Additively Manufactured 16MnCr5

Investigation on the Case-Hardening Behavior of Additively Manufactured 16MnCr5

The Hardness of Additively Manufactured Alloys

Sicak Dövme Sonrasi Kumda Ve Havada Soğutulan Çeli̇kleri̇n Kesme Kuvvetleri̇ Ve Yüzey Pürüzlülük Değerleri̇ni̇n İncelenmesi̇

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