Effect of controlled drainage on nitrogen fate and transport for a subsurface drained grass field receiving liquid swine lagoon effluent

Controlled drainage in the Nile River delta of Egypt: a promising approach for decreasing drainage off-site effects and enhancing yield and water use efficiency of wheat

“…It is well established that blocking the water outflow from a drainage network retains water availability for use by plants when evaporative demand is the highest (Wesström and Messing, 2007;Ritzema, 2015;Liu et al, 2019). In this study, the decreased drainage time and drainage discharge of CD treatments led to a reduction in overall drainage outflow.…”

“…Such reduction in drainage outflow (27.3%-40.3%) was confirmed by the higher water table of CD treatments, particularly after irrigation events. The observed decline in drainage outflow resulting from CD treatments has been widely observed by many scholars around the world (Wesström and Messing, 2007;Drury et al, 2009;Helmers et al, 2012;Jaynes, 2012;Ritzema, 2015;Rozemeijer et al, 2016;Sunohara et al, 2016;Negm et al, 2017;Poole et al, 2018;Youssef et al, 2018;Liu et al, 2019;El-Ghannam et al, 2021). Compared to SFD, individual case studies have reported decreased drainage outflows in the amounts of 33%-45% (Javani et al, 2018), 30% , 17%-80% (Skaggs et al, 2010(Skaggs et al, , 2012, 25% (Negm et al, 2017), and 40%-100% (Gunn et al, 2015).…”

“…The observed reduction in nitrate loss (35.3% and 20.8% for CD-0.4 and CD-0.8, respectively) supports this interpretation. Under different environmental conditions, the adoption of CD led to a reduction in nitrate loss ranging from 18.0% to 75.0% (Ale et al, 2012;Craft et al, 2018;Liu et al, 2019;Sojka et al, 2019). Researchers attributed the low nitrate loss under CD treatments to the lower drainage outflow (Negm et al, 2017;Poole et al, 2018;Liu et al, 2019;Sojka et al, 2019).…”

“…Under different environmental conditions, the adoption of CD led to a reduction in nitrate loss ranging from 18.0% to 75.0% (Ale et al, 2012;Craft et al, 2018;Liu et al, 2019;Sojka et al, 2019). Researchers attributed the low nitrate loss under CD treatments to the lower drainage outflow (Negm et al, 2017;Poole et al, 2018;Liu et al, 2019;Sojka et al, 2019). In addition to measurements of nitrate outflow, the measurements of nitrate in the soil and plant N status should be considered in future studies.…”

“…In this way, CD increases water availability during dry periods, thereby lessening the negative impact of water shortage stress on rainfed agriculture and limiting water use in irrigated agriculture (Skaggs et al, 2012). The adoption of CD was found to decrease drained water volumes by 16%-85% (Skaggs et al, 2010(Skaggs et al, , 2012 and decrease nitrogen (N) and P transport by 18%-75% and 35%-45%, respectively (Helmers et al, 2012;Lavaire et al, 2017;Craft et al, 2018;Liu et al, 2019). Such reduction in drainage outflow and transport of nutrients has been shown not only to decrease drainage off-site impacts but also to enhance crop yields and the use efficiencies of water and nutrient in many parts of the world, including Canada (Drury et al, 2009), Sweden (Wesström and Messing, 2007), Egypt (El-Ghannam et al, 2021), the USA (Youssef et al, 2018;Zhang et al, 2019), Iran (Javani et al, 2018), and Netherlands (Rozemeijer et al, 2016).…”