Organizational agility may be considered the integration of organizational processes, characteristics, and members with advanced technology. Agility enhances the organization’s ability to provide high quality products and services and is, therefore, crucial to organizational competitiveness. Integrates the production/operations, general management, and sociotechnical views to develop a model of organizational agility. Briefly reviews the literature in these fields and offers a model of agility based on suppliers, organizational members, and customers united through information technology. It is proposed that these connections rest on a foundation of leadership, organization culture, and employee reward systems that create a relationship between people and technology. These relationships include involving people in decision making, creating process and product quality by offering enriched jobs, training in technology, and providing a reward system which reinforces agility‐promoting efforts.

Most phosphorus (P) modeling studies of water quality have focused on surface runoff loses. However, a growing number of experimental studies have shown that P losses can occur in drainage water from artificially drained fields. In this review, we assess the applicability of nine models to predict this type of P loss. A model of P movement in artificially drained systems will likely need to account for the partitioning of water and P into runoff, macropore flow, and matrix flow. Within the soil profile, sorption and desorption of dissolved P and filtering of particulate P will be important. Eight models are reviewed (ADAPT, APEX, DRAINMOD, HSPF, HYDRUS, ICECREAMDB, PLEASE, and SWAT) along with P Indexes. Few of the models are designed to address P loss in drainage waters. Although the SWAT model has been used extensively for modeling P loss in runoff and includes tile drain flow, P losses are not simulated in tile drain flow. ADAPT, HSPF, and most P Indexes do not simulate flow to tiles or drains. DRAINMOD simulates drains but does not simulate P. The ICECREAMDB model from Sweden is an exception in that it is designed specifically for P losses in drainage water. This model seems to be a promising, parsimonious approach in simulating critical processes, but it needs to be tested. Field experiments using a nested, paired research design are needed to improve P models for artificially drained fields. Regardless of the model used, it is imperative that uncertainty in model predictions be assessed.

Background This randomized clinical trial was conducted to assess the role of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) gel as a treatment of clean non-healing diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) in comparison with regular dressing with saline as a control. Methods Patients with DFU were randomly assigned to one of two equal groups: group I received dressing with PRP gel and group II received regular saline dressing. The main outcomes of the study were percent reduction in the dimensions of the DFU, healing of DFU, and complications at 20 weeks of follow-up. Results Twenty-four patients were included to the study. The mean age of patients was 55.2 ± 6.4 years. Only three (25%) patients in group I achieved complete healing versus none of group II patients. In total, 8.3% of group I and 41.6% of group II patients did not show any response to treatment. The percent of reduction in the longitudinal and horizontal dimensions of the DFU was significantly greater in group I than group II (43.2% vs 4.1%) and (42.3% vs 8.2%), respectively. The time required to maximum healing was significantly shorter in group I than group II (6.3 ± 2.1 vs 10.4 ± 1.7 weeks, P \ 0.0001). Conclusion The use of PRP gel as a dressing for chronic DFU resulted in a more significant reduction in the size of the ulcer when compared to regular saline dressing. Also the time to reach the point of maximal possible healing with the least wound dimensions was significantly shorter when using PRP as a dressing protocol.Ahmed Elsaid and Mohammed El-Said contributed equally to the study and both are considered co-first Author.

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