Effect of Concentration and pH on the Viscous and Electrochemical Properties of Hydrogen Bentonites.

Mukherjee, J. N.; Gupta, Nandini; Indra, M. K.

doi:10.1021/j150431a004

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 12 publications

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“…This process is known as ion exchange; it may also take place with only ions in the outer layer being exchanged. Considerable data are available citing the ionexchange capacities for various bentonites (Marshall, 1949, p. 101-151 ;Marshall and Gupta, 1933;Mukherjee, Sen Gupta, and Indra, 1943).…”

Section: Electrokinetic Potential = Z --4~r Gvl Daementioning

confidence: 99%

Electrokinetic Phenomena in Colloidal Clays

Oakes

1955

Clays clay miner. (Natl. Conf. Clays Clay Miner.)

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While the variations of the physical properties of colloidal suspensions of bentonite days under various conditions of contamination have been the subject of extensive investigations, the role of the associated electrical phenomena in the impartation of these physical properties is virtually undefined. Successful techniques for the measurement of the electrical phenomena have been reported previously but they are applicable only to very dilute clay suspensions in which negligible electrical interference between clay particles exists. Apparatus and techniques applicable to concentrations of colloidal material normally used in bentonite oil-well drilling fluids were developed and are discussed.Measurement of electrokinetic phenomena in concentrated suspensions was effected by application of the principle of electroosmosis by suitable modification of existing apparatus. The distinguishing modification was replacement of the conventional, consolidated diaphragm with a diaphragm of colloidal material supported by thin membranes.The applicability of the apparatus and techniques is demonstrated by qualitative comparison with data of previous investigations wherein the comparable depression of the electrokinetic potential by the addition of various contaminating ions is shown. In addition, the relation between the measured electrokinetic potential and the filtration rate is shown to be linear and independent of the valence or type of contaminant for a major portion of the investigated concentration range. This suggests that for ions which appreciably repress the electrokinetie potential the fluid-loss may be used as a means of approximating the changes of the electrokinetic potential.

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Section: Electrokinetic Potential = Z --4~r Gvl Daementioning

confidence: 99%

Electrokinetic Phenomena in Colloidal Clays

Oakes

1955

Clays clay miner. (Natl. Conf. Clays Clay Miner.)

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The structure of clay in relation to road construction

Blott

1946

J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol.

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actunlly flowiug through them ; this will lctrd to precipitntion of tllc bulk of the cnlciuni sulphnte present in supersnturnted solution. It liirs been observed thnt settled ningnesiir slurry, originrilly free from crystals of cnlciiuui sulphnte, heconies henvily contnminnted on standing in a settling and tliickcning t.nrik over IL period when the air and sen wnter tempcrnturc hnve cousidernbly decrensed. Tlic settled nnd thickened inngnesittm hydroxide is hcnted to 90" for several hours in order to lrid thc dewnt.ering process in the continuous vircuuni filters. As the solubility of mlciuni sirlphnte rises to n innximum n t 40' iriitl t~lierenftcr rnpiilly tlccrenscs, it is very prohnlde that nny supersiitiirirtion of the sea wnttr trssocintcd with the magnesium hydroxide will he destroyed iii the slurry henting tanks. This has been found to occur nnd to lend to ilicrwsetl contnminritiolr of the product arid nl6o to troul~lrsnn~e deposits of errlci~un sulphnte s d c in pipes niid filtrirtioii cquiplncnt.The experinients tlrseriIwtI rcliitt! to the reuction between pure crtlciuiu cxide ;rnd seir witcr, bitt on the lirrge-sciile doloniitic or high-cnlcium lime rcilviiicd in slinft or rotnry kilns is used, riiitl it slioi~ld Iir noted thirt c:uIc*incition norni:illy lenils to coiitirminirtion of thv liinc: with sulpliiir frotii the fuel. The proportion prescnt ns sttlphetc. will contrihtv iri the. wtiiie wrry to the rtttninnient of snturntim iis t i n equivnlr~it. arriouiit. of' cirl(.iiiin sulphritc fornictl in the ruction. Jf tlie linie ifi c-iilciiictl in ii gns-fired kiln it is possible hy \vitshing the producer gus nornurlly used to reduce it,a sulphur eiintent, but this procedure liiirterinlly increirscs the fuel constimptiolt iind therefore the cost of the Iwoduct. its ail nlternntive to wnsliing thi: protlucer gas the iiniount of lime used in tlie renction mug lie rrtlucecl in order to ensure tllat tlip spent sen wvritcr docs not beconie supcrtinturnted. This resiilts iti ir lower yield of iiingnesiir and i n iiic!renaed costs of opcwtion H) t . h t ii coinpromivc is iisiially sought. COSULURlON'I'hc solubility product [cir + +] . [SO,"] is exceeded if cirlciurn ccmipletely replnces nmgiresium in North Sea wnter, but enlciuni siilphntc is not inrnidiately prccipit.nted owing to the fornuition of rclittivcly stable supcrsnturated solutions. Tho limiting concentrntion of calcium ion wns fouud to be 96.0 mgm. cquivnlents per 1,OOO gin. wticn 72.6% of the totnl niugnesium ion hnd been precipitated.We wish to t.liunk the Ilirectors of thc British Pericliise Co. for pcrmissioli to pubhili t.hiN piper.Yiilliscr Works, Bnrtlcpool, Co. I)urharii. A C'omprclrcmivu Trt!ati..t! uii Iiiorguiiic mid Theorvtinil Chumistry, by J. \\'. 3fcllor, 1'01. 111, IR?:l, 1111. 777-7110 (Tho Solnbility of tlir Sulplintcs of tliu Alkalino Enrtlrs).

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The mechanism of sorption of ethylene dibromide on moist soils

Call¹

1957

J Sci Food Agric

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The influence of moisture on the swelling of soils and clays has been studied at low moisture contents. No detectable swelling was found with soils a t low moisture contents while the montmorillonites showed discontinuoiis swelling corresponding t o the lattice changes indicated by X-ray analysis. From the sorption isotherms a t different moisture contents it is shown that ethylene dibromide i s displaced from sorption by water vapour, three distinct stages being apparent. The surface energy of ethylene dibromide solutions has been measured and the Gibbs sorption equation applied to moist soils. It is suggested that sorption on soils a t field capacity is partly due to solution in the soil water and partly t o sorption a t the water interfaces. The surface areas obtained by the B.E.T. method using nitrogen a t 78" K are much smaller than areas obtained from the water isotherms and other methods, the difference being apparently due to dehydration of organic matter during degassing.

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Effect of Concentration and pH on the Viscous and Electrochemical Properties of Hydrogen Bentonites.

Cited by 5 publications

References 12 publications

Electrokinetic Phenomena in Colloidal Clays

Electrokinetic Phenomena in Colloidal Clays

The structure of clay in relation to road construction

The mechanism of sorption of ethylene dibromide on moist soils

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