Effect of cleaning and disinfection of toys on infectious diseases and micro-organisms in daycare nurseries

Ibfelt, Tobias; Engelund, E. Hoj; Schultz, Anna Charlotte; Andersen, L. P.

doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2014.10.007

Cited by 36 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Although we identify some research on the hygiene of toys in health settings [6,16], the study of their use related to teaching and learning also needs special attention, since it is known that day care centers are considered important sites for direct transmission and indirect use of infectious microorganisms [4,[10][11][12][17][18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies on bacteriological conditions and their pathogenic potential in toys and in the hands of children in the hospital and outpatient settings highlight the importance of choosing the appropriate product for cleaning and disinfection [3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are records of occurrences of various infectious outbreaks in day care centers by different dissemination vehicles (hands, toys, food, clothing) [4,5,10] and different types of microorganisms [4][5][6]11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hygiene of Toys in Day Care Centers: a Care With Children

Simão¹,

Prata²,

Zornoff³

et al. 2017

int arch med

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Background: Toys enable nursing care qualification and extension because they provide a range of possibilities that can temper children's coping with several different situations, by which means they can express feelings and establish confidence ties with the professionals that care for them. However, there is evidence in the literature that toys are vehicles of microorganism transmission and a source of cross-infection.Objective: To investigate how the hygiene of the toys are used in day care centers and the possible tendencies in the processes are done.Method: Descriptive study, cross-sectional, having as a unit of observation 51 day care centers. The object of investigation was the toy hygiene procedure, in which the information on the variables was obtained by interview and recorded in an online questionnaire.Results: It was observed that the water and the soap was the most used method of hygiene (72.5%) and the periodicity of cleaning was twice a month or more in 50% of the units interviewed, and six day care centers declared no such procedure. Conclusion:There was no standardized procedures in the technique hygiene of the toys used in the sample of day care centers studied. Although most institutions demonstrate intent to carry out the hygiene of the toys procedure, it is necessary to equip practitioners to deal with this issue.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hygiene of Toys in Day Care Centers: a Care With Children

Simão¹,

Prata²,

Zornoff³

et al. 2017

int arch med

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show abstract

“…This is certainly a limitation of this study, as studies modeling the behavior of expiratory aerosols show that ventilation rate has a lower significance on indirect contact transmission than it does on the airborne transmission (Wan et al., ). This paper is not focused on the relationship between sick leave among children and presence of bacteria and virus; this issue will be discussed elsewhere (Ibfelt et al., ,b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ventilation in day care centers and sick leave among nursery children

Kolařík

Andersen²,

Ibfelt

et al. 2015

Indoor Air

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Several studies have reported poor indoor air quality (IAQ) in day care centers (DCCs), and other studies have shown that children attending them have an increased risk of respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is an association between ventilation in DCCs and sick leave among nursery children. Data on child sick leave within an 11-week period were obtained for 635 children attending 20 DCCs. Ventilation measurements included three proxies of ventilation: air exchange rate (ACR) measured with the decay method, ACR measured by the perfluorocarbon tracer gas (PFT) method, and CO2 concentration measured over a 1-week period. All but two DCCs had balanced mechanical ventilation system, which could explain the low CO2 levels measured. The mean concentration of CO2 was 643 ppm, exceeding 1000 ppm in only one DCC. A statistically significant inverse relationship between the number of sick days and ACR measured with the decay method was found for crude and adjusted analysis, with a 12% decrease in number of sick days per hour increase in ACR measured with the decay method. This study suggests a relationship between sick leave among nursery children and ventilation in DCCs, as measured with the decay method.

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“…Although most of the isolated bacteria in these environments are low in pathogens, a study on daycare environments showed positive culture results in 60% of the samples. Toys are among the fomites with the highest pathogen agent load, for which reason various strategies have been studied to reduce microorganism loads on these surfaces (3) . An effective measure for preventing infection is hand hygiene.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Caracterización de hábitos de higiene y ambientes en lugares de atención integral a población infantil

Lesmes

Ramírez

Parrado

et al. 2017

Rev. esc. enferm. USP

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Objective: Identify the hygiene habits of children and caregivers in order to prevent and control infectious diseases in care environments in Bogotá, Colombia, as well as characterize the surface bacteria in these environments. Method: Instruments were designed, validated and applied to evaluate healthy habits, with samples taken from surfaces in kitchens, bathrooms, halls, mats, and tools in 230 locations. Th e isolated bacteria were classifi ed using automated methodologies. Results: A total of 699 bacteria were isolated, with the largest growth percentage found in kitchens (36%). Th ese results are contrary to what was observed, where most of the kitchens appeared to be clean. In the survey, 93% of the caregivers reported washing their hands before handling food, and 23% said they used personal protection items when handling food. Conclusion: Th ere is a need for monitoring and interventions in hygiene and care habits in environments that care for children. DESCRIPTORSChild; Bacterial Infections; Hygiene; Infection Control; Infant Mortality; Pediatric Nursing. Characterization of hygiene habits and environments in children's care homesCaracterización de hábitos de higiene y ambientes en lugares de atención integral a población infantil Caracterização de hábitos de higiene e ambientes em locais de atenção integral na população infantil INTRODUCTIONEnvironmental conditions as a cause of disease among children is a relevant theme that has been extensively studied in recent years. In 2006, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that 24% of the disease burden can be attributed to environmental factors, and 36% of deaths in children is due to contaminants in the environment (1) . There are initiatives around the world that promote safe environments for children. UNICEF points out that sustainable development starts from early childhood with safe and healthy children through improvement of nutritional conditions, water quality, environmental sanitation and controls on harmful exposure to contaminants and toxic substances (2) . Factors such as direct transmission of infectious agents among children, inadequate hand hygiene, and indirect transmission through the environment, often cause children who go to daycare centers to get sick. Although most of the isolated bacteria in these environments are low in pathogens, a study on daycare environments showed positive culture results in 60% of the samples. Toys are among the fomites with the highest pathogen agent load, for which reason various strategies have been studied to reduce microorganism loads on these surfaces (3) . An effective measure for preventing infection is hand hygiene. However, the use of protocols by caregivers is low, and there are various reports regarding the effectiveness of this type of intervention (4) . Environment-related infections are more frequent in developing countries; children in these countries lose eight times more years of healthy life per inhabitant than in developed countries. This problem requires governments to promo...

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Effect of cleaning and disinfection of toys on infectious diseases and micro-organisms in daycare nurseries

Abstract: Although cleaning and disinfection of toys every two weeks can decrease the microbial load in nurseries, it does not appear to reduce sickness absence among nursery children.

Cited by 36 publications

References 24 publications

Hygiene of Toys in Day Care Centers: a Care With Children

Hygiene of Toys in Day Care Centers: a Care With Children

Ventilation in day care centers and sick leave among nursery children

Caracterización de hábitos de higiene y ambientes en lugares de atención integral a población infantil

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