Effect of chronic FIV infection, and efficacy of marbofloxacin treatment, on Mycoplasma haemofelis infection

Tasker, Séverine; Caney, Sarah; Day, Michael; Dean, Rachel; Helps, Christopher R; Knowles, Toby G; Lait, Philippa J P; Pinches, Mark; Gruffydd-Jones, TJ

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.06.015

Cited by 52 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…(4,12,28,29) appear to have coevolved with animals, including dogs, cats, humans, alpacas, capybaras, and sea lions (1,10,13,(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40). The development of molecular assays, which target primarily the 16S rRNA gene of these microbes, has resulted in the more recent recognition of several novel animal hemoplasmas (5,12,37,41). Hemoplasmas are obligate epierythrocytic organisms that attach to erythrocytes, appear to be relatively nonpathogenic, and are visualized on blood smears more often during periods of stress, hard work, or concurrent infection (1,2,7,10,42,43).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Candidatus Mycoplasma haemomacaque” and Bartonella quintana Bacteremia in Cynomolgus Monkeys

et al. 2013

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Here, we report latent infections with Bartonella quintana and a hemotropic Mycoplasma sp. in a research colony of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Sequence alignments, evolutionary analysis, and signature nucleotide sequence motifs of the hemotropic Mycoplasma 16S rRNA and RNase P genes indicate the presence of a novel organism. Hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. (hemoplasmas) are obligate epierythrocytic bacteria that infect numerous animal species, including Homo sapiens. Infections are often chronic and subclinical; however, some animals and humans develop hemolytic anemia, particularly when stressed or immunosuppressed (1, 2). Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences have defined two major subclusters of hemoplasmas, namely, the Mycoplasma haemosuis and Mycoplasma haemofelis groups (3-7).Historically, diagnosis of hemoplasma infections has relied on cytological examination of stained blood smears. In 1994, Dillberger and colleagues described Haemobartonella-like parasites in five wild-caught anemic cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) that originated from the Philippines; however, the organisms were not characterized phylogenetically (8). For some animal species, the diagnostic sensitivity of a blood smear examination is very poor and unspecific (3, 4, 9). The development of molecular assays, primarily targeting the 16S rRNA and the RNase P genes of these cell wall-deficient uncultivable microbes, has resulted in the recent recognition of several novel animal hemoplasmas (4, 5, 10-13).Bartonella spp. are facultative intracellular bacteria that also infect erythrocytes in numerous animal species, including Homo sapiens. Previously, Bartonella quintana DNA was amplified, cloned, and sequenced from lysed erythrocytes, and cultured colonies were grown from peripheral blood collected from a captivebred cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) (14). Bartonella quintana was subsequently isolated from 2 of 36 captive rhesus macaques in China, of which 12 of 33 were B. quintana seroreactive (15).Hemotropic Mycoplasma and Bartonella organisms often cause persistent occult infection in immunocompetent hosts. The extent to which an infection with these bacteria in cynomolgus monkeys involved in a research study might influence assessments or outcomes associated with drug development studies is poorly characterized. This report describes PCR amplification and DNA sequence characterization of a novel hemotropic Mycoplasma sp. found in the blood of 44 of 52 cynomolgus research monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) and the isolation of Bartonella quintana from one monkey. These animals were in a chronic toxicity study, and data from the pretest phase of the study are presented. The animals were tested for Mycoplasma and Bartonella on the basis of the findings in a previous toxicity study that raised the possibility of latent infections. Based on the analysis of the 16S rRNA and RNase P gene sequences, we propose "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemomacaque" as the name for the novel hemotropic Mycoplasma sp. identified in this ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Candidatus Mycoplasma haemomacaque” and Bartonella quintana Bacteremia in Cynomolgus Monkeys

et al. 2013

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“…PCV was recorded if HCT was not available (usually in cats presented out of hours). Anaemia severity was classified, based on HCT or PCV, as mild (20)(21)(22)(23)(24).9%), moderate (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19).9%), severe (11-13.9%) or very severe (<10.9%). Aggregate reticulocyte counts, when performed, were used to classify the anaemia as non-regenerative (<0.015 × 10 12 /l), weakly regenerative (0.016-0.05 × 10 12 /l), moderately regenerative (0.06-0.19 × 10 12 /l) or strongly regenerative (>0.2 × 10 12 /l).…”

Section: Data Recordingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DAMNITV classi fication (Table 3) found infectious causes of anaemia (39, 21.7%) to be most common, for example feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) (17/39, 43.6%), FeLV (5/39, 12.8%), FIV (4/39, 10.3%), combined FIV and Haemoplasma species (2/39, 5.1%), followed by neoplasia (36, 20%), for example, lymphoma (9/36, 25%), then metabolic (21, 11.7%), trauma (15,8.3%), miscellaneous (14, 7.8%), inflammatory (11, Tables 2 and 3. Anaemia severity, according to aetiology of anaemia development and further BM abnormalities determined is shown in Table 2 and according to each DAMNITV classification in Table 3.…”

Section: Descriptive Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

A retrospective study of 180 anaemic cats: features, aetiologies and survival data

Korman

Hetzel

Knowles

et al. 2012

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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The study comprised 180 anaemic cats. Descriptive and survival data were obtained. Cats were classified by aetiology of anaemia development and degenerative, anomalous, metabolic, miscellaneous, neoplastic, infectious, inflammatory, immune-mediated, toxic, traumatic or vascular disease (DAMNITV) classification and anaemia severity. Sixty-four (35.6%) cats had mild [packed cell volume (PCV)/haematocrit (HCT) 20-24.9%], 58 (32.2%) moderate (14-19.9%), 23 (12.8%) severe (11-13.9%) and 35 (19.4%) very severe (<10.9%) anaemia. By aetiology of anaemia development, bone marrow (BM) abnormalities were more common (95, 52.8%) than haemorrhage (37, 20.6%) or haemolysis (19, 10.6%). By DAMNITV classification, infectious diseases were more common (39, 21.7%) than neoplasia (36, 20%), metabolic (21, 11.7%), trauma (15, 8.3%), miscellaneous (14, 7.8%), inflammatory (11, 6.1%), immune-mediated (11, 6.1%), anomalous (8, 4.4%), toxic (2, 1.1%) or vascular disease (1, 0.6%). BM abnormalities were significantly associated with more severe anaemia (P = 0.003). Most cats (112, 62.2%) survived to discharge whereas 55 (30.6%) were euthanased and 13 (7.2%) died. Survival to discharge was not associated with anaemia severity but was associated significantly with aetiology of anaemia development (P = 0.046), as cats with haemolysis were more likely to survive to discharge than cats with BM abnormalities. Survival to discharge was also associated significantly with DAMNITV classification (P = 0.010), with cats with neoplasia being less likely, and cats with immune-mediated disease more likely, to survive to discharge. Cox regression analysis found that survival was not associated with anaemia severity, but was associated with DAMNITV classification (P = 0.011) and age (P = 0.082), with cats with immune-mediated disease and younger cats more likely to survive.

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“…'Candidatus M. haemominutum' is usually regarded as mildly pathogenic (Foley et al, 1998). Co-infection with the more pathogenic M. haemofelis and 'Candidatus M. turicensis' was not detected by PCR, although the former should not be excluded, since M. haemofelis loads were shown to vary extremely over time (Tasker et al, 2006), and were found to be highly positive and negative within only a few days in a cat also co-infected with 'Candidatus M. haemominutum' (Willi et al, 2006a). The development of distinct anaemia in 'Candidatus M. haemominutum' infected cats has also been described with concomitant feline retroviral (FeLV, FIV) infections (George et al, 2002) or other deprived conditions (De Lorimier and Messick, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

First molecular identification of ‘ Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’ from a cat with fatal haemolytic anaemia in Hungary

Hornok

Meli

Gönczi

et al. 2008

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica

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Although haemobartonellosis was previously reported in Hungary, until now the diagnosis (based on morphological identification in blood smears) has only been suggestive of the occurrence of the large species, recently reclassified as Mycoplasma haemofelis. However, in July 2007 a cat was presented at a small animal clinic with severe haemolytic anaemia, icterus and haemoglobinuria. While biochemical parameters were within the reference range, the cat had leukocytosis and rapidly decreasing haematocrit values, and eventually died 7 days after the sudden onset of aggravating clinical signs. From blood samples of the cat 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' was identified by molecular methods, according to its 100% 16S rRNA gene sequence homology with two Swiss isolates and one isolate from the UK. The rapid termination of the disease and the high pathogenicity of the causative agent observed in this case are unusual, taking into account that PCR results were negative for immunosuppressive viruses. This is the first record of this feline haemoplasma species in Hungary.

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Effect of chronic FIV infection, and efficacy of marbofloxacin treatment, on Mycoplasma haemofelis infection

Cited by 52 publications

References 26 publications

“Candidatus Mycoplasma haemomacaque” and Bartonella quintana Bacteremia in Cynomolgus Monkeys

“Candidatus Mycoplasma haemomacaque” and Bartonella quintana Bacteremia in Cynomolgus Monkeys

A retrospective study of 180 anaemic cats: features, aetiologies and survival data

First molecular identification of ‘ Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’ from a cat with fatal haemolytic anaemia in Hungary

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