Effect of cattle treading on interrill erosion from hill pasture: modelling concepts and analysis of rainfall simulator data

Elliott, Alexander H.; Tian, Yong Q.; Rutherford, James; Carlson, W. T.

doi:10.1071/sr01057

Cited by 40 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…There have been several earlier studies of runoff generation at Whatawhata (in or near to the Pukemanga catchment). Elliott et al (2002) used small rainfall simulator plots (0Ð5 m 2 ) to study the effects of cattle tramping on runoff and erosion. Cattle tramping was observed to damage pasture (viz., to increase the area of bare soil) and the flow-weighted mean concentration of suspended solids in runoff was strongly correlated with the percentage of bare soil.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using a rainfall simulator and a physically based hydrological model to investigate runoff processes in a hillslope

et al. 2005

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Abstract:A large rainfall simulator (LRS, area 970 m 2 ) is being used to measure flow, sediment and contaminant runoff from a pasture hillslope in the North Island of New Zealand. Results from a winter experiment corresponding to a 1 in 8 year storm were used to calibrate a complex, physically based hydrological model (SHETRAN, Ewen et al., 2002). The ability of SHETRAN to reproduce firstly the observed runoff hydrograph and secondly the soil moisture response, was assessed. Surface runoff was widely distributed over the simulator plot but was not uniform because of uneven topography and possibly because of spatial variations in soil properties. Most model parameters were determined from field measurements, but two (vertical hydraulic conductivity and surface friction) were 'calibrated' by matching the observed and predicted runoff hydrograph. The calibrated model had a coefficient of determination (R 2 ) of 98%, and reproduced accurately the shape of the hydrograph and the total volume of runoff. The model predicted soil moisture that matched TDR probe measurements within the calibration uncertainties, at one location, and underestimated the reduction in soil moisture following the end of rain, possibly indicating that the calibrated value of vertical hydraulic conductivity was too low. This study assumed no-flux boundary conditions under and around the LRS, and while this approximation may be acceptable when modelling a single storm, vertical and downslope drainage will need to be quantified in future longer-term applications. From both field data and model simulations, it was concluded that surface runoff occurred principally as a result of the infiltration excess (IE) mechanism. Saturation excess (SE) and variable source area (VSA) were rejected as the principal generation mechanisms.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using a rainfall simulator and a physically based hydrological model to investigate runoff processes in a hillslope

et al. 2005

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“…Total P load in runoff from rainfall simulations in the late spring (0.072 6 0.006 kg ha À1 h À1 ) was greater (P , 0.05) than during the other seasons, which did not differ, and averaged 0.024 6 0.006 kg ha À1 h À1 . Elliott et al (2002) reported similar seasonal variability in sediment load in surface runoff from pasture, with peak erosion occurring during the wetter portion of the year.…”

mentioning

confidence: 68%

“…Damage caused by treading (Elliott et al 2002), decreased soil organic matter (Naeth et al 1991b;Betteridge et al 1999), and reduced leaf litter results in a reduction of aboveground water-holding capacity of the soil (Naeth et al 1991a), decreasing infiltration rate and increasing the volume of surface runoff. Management practices that reduce the total volume of surface runoff and encourage infiltration will reduce the potential for sediment and P losses from pastures (Gburek et al 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grazing Management Effects on Sediment and Phosphorus in Surface Runoff

Haan

Russell

Powers

et al. 2006

REM

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Sediment and phosphorus (P) in runoff from pastures are potential non-point-source pollutants in surface waters that may be influenced by surface cover, sward height, treading damage, surface slope, soil moisture, and soil P. The objectives of the current study were to quantify sediment and total P loads in runoff produced during simulated rainfall from pastures and to evaluate their relationships with the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and sward. Five forage management treatmentsungrazed (U), hay harvest/fall stockpile grazing (HS), continuous stocking to a sward height of 5 cm (5C), and rotational stocking to sward heights of 5 (5R) or 10 (10R) cm-were established in triplicate 0.40-ha paddocks in 3 smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) pastures for 3 years. Rainfall simulations were conducted at a rainfall intensity of 7.1 cm h À1 for 1.5 hours over a 0.5-m 2 area in 3 locations at 2 slope ranges in each paddock in June, August, and October of each year and the subsequent April. Forage management did not affect mean sediment load (7.3 6 5.0 kg ha À1 h À1 ). Mean total P load was greatest from 5C treatment (0.071 6 0.011 kg ha ). Of the soil and sward characteristics measured, percentage surface cover was most highly related to sediment load (R 2 ¼ 0.16) and total P load (R 2 ¼ 0.10). Surface runoff from pastures managed to maintain adequate residual forage cover did not contribute greater sediment or P to surface waters than an ungrazed grassland. ResumenLos sedimentos y fó sforo (P) contenidos en los escurrimientos provenientes de los praderas son fuentes potenciales de contaminació n no puntual de las aguas superficiales que pueden estar influenciados por la cobertura del suelo, altura de la pradera, el dañ o por pisoteo, la pendiente de la superficie, la humedad y P del suelo. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron cuantificar los sedimentos y cargas totales de P en el escurrimiento producido durante lluvias simuladas en praderas y evaluar sus relaciones con las características físicas y químicas del suelo y la pradera. Se establecieron cinco tratamientos de manejo del forraje: sin apacentamiento (U), cosecha de heno/ almacenamiento en pie en otoñ o (HS), apacentamiento continuo de la pradera hasta los 5 cm de altura del rastrojo (5C), apacentamiento rotacional hasta 5 cm (5R) y 10 cm (10R) de altura del rastrojo. Los tratamientos se establecieron por triplicado en potreros de 0.40 ha en tres praderas de ''Smooth bromegrass'' (Bromus inermis Leyss.) durante tres añ os. Las simulaciones de lluvia se condujeron a una intensidad de 7.1 cm hr À1 por 1.5 horas sobre un área de 0.5-m 2 en tres puntos y dos rangos de pendiente en cada potrero y se llevaron a cabo en Junio, Agosto y Octubre de cada añ o y en Abril del añ o siguiente. El manejo del forraje no afectó la media de carga de sedimento (7.3 6 5.0 kg ha À1 h À1 ). La media de la carga de P total fue mayor en el tratamiento 5C (0.071 6 0.011 kg ha À1 h À1 ), fue igual entre los tratamientos U, HS y 10R (0.019 6 0.011 kg ha...

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“…The proportion of bare soil is a major factor associated with soil erosion (Russell et al 2001;Haan et al 2006). Not surprisingly, concentration of sediment in surface runoff has been linearly related to the amount of bare ground of a given area, as exposed soil is more susceptible to soil detachment by overland flow (Hofman and Ries 1991;Elliott et al 2002;Persyn et al 2004) and erosive energy of raindrops (Young and Wiersma 1973;Morgan 1978;Kinnell 2005). As a result, bare ground in riparian areas of pastures may contribute significant sediment and phosphorus loads to surface waters during heavy rainfall events (Line et al 2000;Byers et al 2005;Butler et al 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the use of stubble height alone has been reported to be not suitable to predict sediment infiltration (Pearce et al 1997, Haan et al (2006) reported lower quantities and phosphorus loading of runoff from pastures that were rotationally stocked to a residual height of 10 cm than in pastures continuously stocked to a residual height of 5 cm in cool-season grass pastures. By maintaining adequate vegetation cover and height, plant vigor may be preserved (Frazier et al 1998;Clary and Leininger 2000) and reduce NPS pollution from riparian areas of pastures (Warren et al 1986;Elliott et al 2002;Reed and Carpenter 2002). In the current study, forage sward heights within riparian areas of pastures quadratically increased as the proportion of reed canarygrass increased y~4:06z0:40x{0:0027x 2 r 2~0 :42…”

Section: Forage Sward Heightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stocking Rate and Riparian Vegetation Effects on Physical Characteristics of Riparian Zones of Midwestern Pastures

Bear

Russell

Tüfekçioğlu

et al. 2012

Rangeland Ecology & Management

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Grazing at high stocking rates May Increase sediment and nutrient loading of streams pasture Through Transport in precipitation runoff and bank erosion. A 3-yr (2007)(2008)(2009)) grazing study was Conducted on 13 cool-season grass pastures to quantify effects of stocking rate and botanical composition on forage sward height, proportions of bare and manure-covered ground, and bank erosion adjacent to streams. Pastures ranged from 2 ha to 107 ha with stream Reaches of 306 m to 1778 m That has drained watersheds of 253 to 5660 ha. Bare and manure-covered ground Were Measured at 15.2-m distance perpendicular to the stream at 30.5-m intervals at up to 30 locations on each side of the stream by the line transect method in May, July, September, and November of each year.At the midpoint of the 15.2-m line, forage sward height was Measured with a falling plate meter (4.8 kg · m -2 ) and plant species identified. In November 2006, fiberglass pins (1.6 × 76.2 cm) 73.7 cm Were driven into the stream bank at 1-m intervals from the streambed to the top of the bank along 10 transect equidistant locations on each side of the stream bank erosion to measure During spring, summer, and fall of each year. Increasing pasture stocking rates Increased manure-covered ground and Decreased sward height, but did not Affect proportions of bare ground. The greatest, intermediate, and Least net soil erosion rates occurred During the winter / early spring, late spring / early summer, and late summer / fall seasons. Stocking rates Between measurements, Expressed as cow-days · m -1 stream, Were not related to bank erosion. Increasing stocking rates per unit of stream length will cover manure Increase and decrease forage sward height, but not Affect proportions of bare ground or bank erosion rates pasture adjacent to streams.THEREFORE, managing stocking rates May reduce nutrient loading of streams pasture. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Stocking Rate and Riparian Vegetation Effects on Physical Characteristics of Riparian Zones of Midwestern PasturesAuthor (s) AbstractGrazing at high stocking rates may increase sediment and nutrient loading of pasture streams through transport in precipitation runoff and bank erosion. ) and plant species identified. In November 2006, fiberglass pins (1.6 3 76.2 cm) were driven 73.7 cm into the stream bank at 1-m intervals from the streambed to the top of the bank along 10 equidistant transect locations on each side of the stream to measure bank erosion during spring, summer, and fall of each year. Increasing pasture stocking rates increased manure-covered ground and decreased sward height, but did not affect proportions of bare ground. The greatest, intermediate, and least net soil erosion rates occurred during the winter/early spring, late spring/early summer, and late summer/fall se...

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Effect of cattle treading on interrill erosion from hill pasture: modelling concepts and analysis of rainfall simulator data

Cited by 40 publications

References 10 publications

Using a rainfall simulator and a physically based hydrological model to investigate runoff processes in a hillslope

Using a rainfall simulator and a physically based hydrological model to investigate runoff processes in a hillslope

Grazing Management Effects on Sediment and Phosphorus in Surface Runoff

Stocking Rate and Riparian Vegetation Effects on Physical Characteristics of Riparian Zones of Midwestern Pastures

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