Sediment and phosphorus (P) in runoff from pastures are potential non-point-source pollutants in surface waters that may be influenced by surface cover, sward height, treading damage, surface slope, soil moisture, and soil P. The objectives of the current study were to quantify sediment and total P loads in runoff produced during simulated rainfall from pastures and to evaluate their relationships with the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and sward. Five forage management treatmentsungrazed (U), hay harvest/fall stockpile grazing (HS), continuous stocking to a sward height of 5 cm (5C), and rotational stocking to sward heights of 5 (5R) or 10 (10R) cm-were established in triplicate 0.40-ha paddocks in 3 smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) pastures for 3 years. Rainfall simulations were conducted at a rainfall intensity of 7.1 cm h À1 for 1.5 hours over a 0.5-m 2 area in 3 locations at 2 slope ranges in each paddock in June, August, and October of each year and the subsequent April. Forage management did not affect mean sediment load (7.3 6 5.0 kg ha À1 h À1 ). Mean total P load was greatest from 5C treatment (0.071 6 0.011 kg ha ). Of the soil and sward characteristics measured, percentage surface cover was most highly related to sediment load (R 2 ¼ 0.16) and total P load (R 2 ¼ 0.10). Surface runoff from pastures managed to maintain adequate residual forage cover did not contribute greater sediment or P to surface waters than an ungrazed grassland. ResumenLos sedimentos y fó sforo (P) contenidos en los escurrimientos provenientes de los praderas son fuentes potenciales de contaminació n no puntual de las aguas superficiales que pueden estar influenciados por la cobertura del suelo, altura de la pradera, el dañ o por pisoteo, la pendiente de la superficie, la humedad y P del suelo. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron cuantificar los sedimentos y cargas totales de P en el escurrimiento producido durante lluvias simuladas en praderas y evaluar sus relaciones con las características físicas y químicas del suelo y la pradera. Se establecieron cinco tratamientos de manejo del forraje: sin apacentamiento (U), cosecha de heno/ almacenamiento en pie en otoñ o (HS), apacentamiento continuo de la pradera hasta los 5 cm de altura del rastrojo (5C), apacentamiento rotacional hasta 5 cm (5R) y 10 cm (10R) de altura del rastrojo. Los tratamientos se establecieron por triplicado en potreros de 0.40 ha en tres praderas de ''Smooth bromegrass'' (Bromus inermis Leyss.) durante tres añ os. Las simulaciones de lluvia se condujeron a una intensidad de 7.1 cm hr À1 por 1.5 horas sobre un área de 0.5-m 2 en tres puntos y dos rangos de pendiente en cada potrero y se llevaron a cabo en Junio, Agosto y Octubre de cada añ o y en Abril del añ o siguiente. El manejo del forraje no afectó la media de carga de sedimento (7.3 6 5.0 kg ha À1 h À1 ). La media de la carga de P total fue mayor en el tratamiento 5C (0.071 6 0.011 kg ha À1 h À1 ), fue igual entre los tratamientos U, HS y 10R (0.019 6 0.011 kg ha...
Because of concerns about the impact of grazing management on surface water quality, a 3-yr study was conducted to determine grazing management and microclimate impacts on cattle distribution relative to a pasture stream and shade. Three treatments, continuous stocking with unrestricted stream access (CSU), continuous stocking with restricted stream access (CSR), and rotational stocking (RS), were evaluated on six 12.1-ha cool-season grass pastures stocked with 15 fall-calving Angus cows (Bos taurus L.) from mid-May through mid-October of each year. On 2 d ? mo 21 from May through September of each year, a trained observer in each pasture recorded cattle position and activity every 10 min from 0600 to 1800 hours. In years 2 and 3, position of one cow per pasture was recorded with a Global Positioning System (GPS) collar at 10-min intervals 24 h ? d 21 for 2 wk ? mo 21 from May through September. In week 2 of collar deployment in May, July, and September, cattle had access to off-stream water. Ambient temperature, black globe temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were recorded at 10-min intervals and temperature humidity (THI), black globe temperature humidity (BGTHI), and heat load (HLI) indices were calculated. Based on GPS collars, mean percentage of time cows in CSU pastures were in the stream (1.1%) and streamside zone (10.5%) were greater (P , 0.05) than cows in CSR (0.2% and 1.8%) or RS (0.1% and 1.5%) pastures. Based on GPS collar data, off-stream water did not affect the percentage of time cattle in CSU or CSR pastures spent in the stream. Probabilities that cattle in CSU and CSR pastures were in the stream or riparian zones increased (P , 0.05) as ambient temperature, black globe temperature, THI, BGTHI, and HLI increased. Rotational stocking and restricted stream access were effective strategies to decrease the amount of time cattle spent in or near a pasture stream. Resumen Debido a preocupaciones sobre el impacto del manejo del pastoreo sobre la calidad del agua superficial, se realizó un estudio de 3 añ os para determinar el impacto del manejo del pastoreo y del microclima sobre la distribución del ganado en relación a la sombra y la corriente de agua. Se utilizaron tres tratamientos: Pastoreo continuo-sin restricción al acceso a la corriente de agua (CSU), pastoreo continúo con restricciones al acceso a la corriente de agua (CSR), y pastoreo rotacional; se evaluaron en seis potreros de 12.1 ha de gramíneas de crecimiento invernal utilizando 15 vacas Angus (Bos taurus L.) de mediados de Mayo hasta mediados de Octubre en cada añ o. En el 2 d-mes de Mayo hasta Septiembre de cada añ o un observador entrenado en cada potrero registró la posición y la actividad del ganado cada 10 minutos desde 0600 hasta las 1800 horas. En los añ os 2 y 3, se registró la posición y la actividad de una vaca/potrero utilizando collares con GPS a intervalos de 10 min cada 24 h-d-1 durante dos semanas-mes desde Mayo hasta septiembre. En la semana 2 de la implementación de los collares en Mayo, Julio, y septiembre el ...
Low rumination in the dairy cow is often assumed to result in reduction of saliva flow, rumen buffering, and milk fat, which is a major contributor to milk value in many pricing systems. Rumination time (RT) of individual cows can be measured with commercial rumination sensing systems, but our understanding of how daily RT (minutes per day) is related to milk fat production is limited. Our hypothesis was that between cows within a herd, greater RT would be associated with lower milk fat concentration. Data from 1,823 cows on 2 commercial dairy farms in Pennsylvania over 8 DHIA tests were analyzed for a total of 8,587 cow testdays. Rumination was measured on farm A with Cow-Manager SensoOr ear tags (Agis Automatisering BV, Harmelen, the Netherlands) and on farm B with SCR Hi-Tag neck collars (SCR Engineers, Netanya, Israel). Rumination data were collected for 7 consecutive days leading up to each DHIA test, summed within day, and averaged across days. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models with a repeated effect of test day. Daily RT reported by commercial rumination systems varied across and within cows and was strongly influenced by a cow effect. Greater RT tended to be associated with a small decrease in milk fat concentration in farm A, but was not related to milk fat in farm B. The reason for this difference is unclear, but may be related to a potentially greater prevalence of biohydrogenation-induced milk fat depression on farm A. The significant, but small, model coefficients for milk fat and RT indicate that the relationship between these variables may not be strong enough to permit identification of cows with biohydrogenation-induced milk fat depression based on RT from commercial systems alone. Research assessing changes in rumination before, during, and after onset of altered rumen fermentation is necessary to determine whether RT could be used to identify cows with altered rumen fermentation.
Sediment and phosphorus (P) in runoff from pastures are potential non-point-source pollutants in surface waters that may be influenced by surface cover, sward height, treading damage, surface slope, soil moisture, and soil P. The objectives of the current study were to quantify sediment and total P loads in runoff produced during simulated rainfall from pastures and to evaluate their relationships with the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and sward. Five forage management treatmentsungrazed (U), hay harvest/fall stockpile grazing (HS), continuous stocking to a sward height of 5 cm (5C), and rotational stocking to sward heights of 5 (5R) or 10 (10R) cm-were established in triplicate 0.40-ha paddocks in 3 smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) pastures for 3 years. Rainfall simulations were conducted at a rainfall intensity of 7.1 cm h À1 for 1.5 hours over a 0.5-m 2 area in 3 locations at 2 slope ranges in each paddock in June, August, and October of each year and the subsequent April. Forage management did not affect mean sediment load (7.3 6 5.0 kg ha À1 h À1 ). Mean total P load was greatest from 5C treatment (0.071 6 0.011 kg ha ). Of the soil and sward characteristics measured, percentage surface cover was most highly related to sediment load (R 2 ¼ 0.16) and total P load (R 2 ¼ 0.10). Surface runoff from pastures managed to maintain adequate residual forage cover did not contribute greater sediment or P to surface waters than an ungrazed grassland. ResumenLos sedimentos y fó sforo (P) contenidos en los escurrimientos provenientes de los praderas son fuentes potenciales de contaminació n no puntual de las aguas superficiales que pueden estar influenciados por la cobertura del suelo, altura de la pradera, el dañ o por pisoteo, la pendiente de la superficie, la humedad y P del suelo. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron cuantificar los sedimentos y cargas totales de P en el escurrimiento producido durante lluvias simuladas en praderas y evaluar sus relaciones con las características físicas y químicas del suelo y la pradera. Se establecieron cinco tratamientos de manejo del forraje: sin apacentamiento (U), cosecha de heno/ almacenamiento en pie en otoñ o (HS), apacentamiento continuo de la pradera hasta los 5 cm de altura del rastrojo (5C), apacentamiento rotacional hasta 5 cm (5R) y 10 cm (10R) de altura del rastrojo. Los tratamientos se establecieron por triplicado en potreros de 0.40 ha en tres praderas de ''Smooth bromegrass'' (Bromus inermis Leyss.) durante tres añ os. Las simulaciones de lluvia se condujeron a una intensidad de 7.1 cm hr À1 por 1.5 horas sobre un área de 0.5-m 2 en tres puntos y dos rangos de pendiente en cada potrero y se llevaron a cabo en Junio, Agosto y Octubre de cada añ o y en Abril del añ o siguiente. El manejo del forraje no afectó la media de carga de sedimento (7.3 6 5.0 kg ha À1 h À1 ). La media de la carga de P total fue mayor en el tratamiento 5C (0.071 6 0.011 kg ha À1 h À1 ), fue igual entre los tratamientos U, HS y 10R (0.019 6 0.011 kg ha...
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