Effect of Aqueous Extracts from Solidago Canadensis L. Leaves on Germination and Early Growth Stages of Three Cultivars of Raphanus Sativus L. Var. Radicula Pers

Abstract

Solidago canadensis L. is an expansive perennial that forms persistent, species-poor plant communities. It often spreads in fallow areas, displacing native floristic ingredients. Its expansiveness is largely due to morphological features, but it can also be the effect of allelopathic interaction. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effect of aqueous extracts (decoction, infusion, and maceration) from dry S. canadensis leaves on germination and early growth stages of Raphanus sativus L. var. radicula Pers., in three cultivars: ‘Rowa’, ‘Półdługa’, and ‘Krakowianka’. In comparison to the control, the percentage of germinated radish seeds of ‘Rowa’ cultivar was statistically lower on the infusion and macerate. Regardless of the cultivar, the smallest changes in germination were found in seeds watered with decoction, and the largest with macerate. Seedlings length was most inhibited on macerate substrates, and least with infusion. Regardless of the form of the extract, each of them negatively affected the initial growth of radish seedlings. A fresh mass of ‘Rowa’ seedlings was inhibited by all Canadian goldenrod extracts. In relation to the control, the ‘Krakowianka’ cultivar was the least sensitive to S. canadensis extracts. The total chlorophyll content was the lowest in the seedlings of the ‘Rowa’ and ‘Półdługa’ cultivars germinated on macerate, compared to the control and two others extracts. The percentage of electrolyte leakage depended on the type of extract used and the radish cultivar. The study showed that depending on the cultivar, the aqueous extracts from S. canadensis leaves decreasing of germination and early growth of R. sativus.

Allelopathic effect of invasive Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) on early growth of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

“…Allelopathic compounds are released into the environment from plants in the form of volatile substances, by secretion from the root system into the soil, they are also washed out or released from dead parts of plants ( Barabasz-Krasny et al, 2017;Szafraniec et al, 2019;Zandi et al, 2019;Możdżeń et al, 2020;. In this experiment, the negative effects of extracts varied depending on the type of extract used.…”

Survey of the Solidago canadensis L. Morphological Traits and Essential Oil Production: Aboveground Biomass Growth and Abundance of the Invasive Goldenrod Appears to Be Reciprocally Enhanced within the Invaded Stands

“…Furthermore, remaining goldenrod biomass and litter can release the macerate of the allelopathic secondary chemical compounds [41]. Yet, the various extracts from goldenrods rhizomes, stems, or leaves can inhibit germination, as well as radical elongation, of the native species [8,9,11,12,42]. The harmful impact on the autochthonous plants within the invaded plots supports competitive suppression, and herewith goldenrod self-grown-reinforcing feedback.…”

“…Although it is still being studied, S. canadensis, as an invasive neophyte, displays some superior features, which make it more successful in comparison to autochthonous species, and several possible mechanisms of its success have been described: the production of a high number of small, light-winged seeds, spreading mostly by the air, germinating rapidly in the high percentage and, with a wide tolerance for the different values of soil reaction, salinity, and moisture; -robust asexual reproductive ability of the underground parts (rhizomes, nodes, stem bases), hereby just a naturalized population has a great capacity for a clonal growth, since the clonality is in general concurrently found to offer advantages that facilitate invasion [5]; -ability to occupy various types of habitats, including overloaded areas and those polluted by heavy metals [6,7]; and release of the allelopathic compounds, including essential oil (EO), which negatively affect seeds' germination and the growth of the native species [8][9][10][11][12].…”

“…Then, separated stems, leaves, and inflorescences were left to freely dry by constant room temperature and in the dark for a 7-day period. The following traits were directly determined using the dried plant material: (11) weight of the dried stem; (12) overall weight of the dried assimilating, green, leaves; (13) overall weight of the dried, non-assimilating, brown, leaves; and (14) weight of the dried inflorescence. On the basis of the obtained results, we counted: (15) number of all leaves, as the sum of the assimilating, green, and non-assimilating, brown, all numbers of leaves; (16) weight of the all leaves in fresh condition; (17) weight of the all leaves after drying out, as the sum of the weights of assimilating, green, and non-assimilating, brown, leaves; (18) average weight of the single assimilating, green, leaf in the fresh condition; (19) average weight of the single assimilating, green, leaf after drying out; (20) average weight of the single non-assimilating, brown, leaf in the fresh condition; (21) average weight of the single non-assimilating, brown, leaf after drying out, where average weight of the single leaf was determined as the ratio of the leaves' overall weight and the leaves' number; and (22) weight of the entire plant after drying out, as the sum of the dried stem, all leaves, and inflorescence weights.…”

Phytotoxicity and allelopathic potential of extracts from rhizomes and leaves of Arundo donax, an invasive grass in neotropical savannas

“…Among the mechanisms responsible for the success in the invasion of some exotic plant species is the release of chemical compounds, products from secondary metabolism, which have harmful or positive effects on community members living in the environment, a process known as Allelopathy (Fujii, 2003;Favaretto et al, 2018;Możdżeń et al, 2020). Understanding whether the interaction of A. donax with other plant species involves allelochemicals is important to elucidate the mechanisms that favour the invasion of this species into a new area (Hierro and Callaway, 2003).…”