Effect of aqueous antler extract on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice and antioxidant activities

In vitro antioxidant activities of proanthocyanidins extracted from the lotus seedpod and ameliorative effects on learning and memory impairment in scopolamine-induced amnesia mice

“…GSHPx and SOD, both endogenous antioxidant enzymes, contribute to the cellular defenses against free radical damage in the brain (4). The decline in GSH-Px activity induced by scopolamine confirmed that scopolamineinduced amnesia is associated with the antioxidant system (7,12,24). However, LSPC treatments at 30, 60, and 90 mg/ kg significantly (p<0.05) increased the GSH-Px activity, compared with all SCOP group mice.…”

“…Scopolamine-induced amnesia animals have been widely used for preliminary evaluation of potential cognition-enhancing activities of herbal and other agents (7,12,18,19,23). Scopolamine induces cognitive deficits not only by inducing a cholinergic deficit (7,12,19,24,25), but also by inducing oxidative stress (7,12,19,(23)(24)(25). Moreover, Van der Vliet and Bast (8) reported that reactive oxygen metabolites affect binding of ligands to membrane receptors, such as muscarinic cholinergic receptors, indicating that oxidative stress induces cholinergic dysfunction.…”

“…Moreover, Van der Vliet and Bast (8) reported that reactive oxygen metabolites affect binding of ligands to membrane receptors, such as muscarinic cholinergic receptors, indicating that oxidative stress induces cholinergic dysfunction. Recent studies have reported that herbal extracts reverse scopolamineinduced amnesia via antioxidant mechanisms, including free radical scavenging and ROS/RNS inhibitory activities (7,12,19,(23)(24)(25). Thus, the action mechanism of LSPC was evaluated mainly from the perspective of oxidative stress, including activities of GSH-Px, SOD, MAO-B, and NOS, and the NO level.…”

“…Many studies have demonstrated that AChE activity is increased in the whole brain, in the hippocampus, and the cerebral cortex of scopolamineinduced mice, and an increase in AChE activity accompanies memory impairment (12,19). However, several studies have reported that scopolamine results in a small increase in whole brain AChE activity with memory impairment (24,25). AChE is the enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of the ACh in cholinergic neurons and, thus, plays a key role in blocking cholinergic neurotransmission (35).…”

Studies on neuropharmacological profile of ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera leaves in mice

“…A mouse must remember the least recently visited arm in order to alternate the arm choice (Lee et al, 2010). Spatial memory as measured by the Y-maze tests is dependent on hippocampal learning and memory function and is related to the NMDA receptor/Ca 2+ influx signaling pathway (Conrad et al, 2003).…”