Effect of Ametropia on Peripheral Refraction

Millodot, Michel

doi:10.1097/00006324-198109000-00001

Cited by 186 publications

(186 citation statements)

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“…Several subsequent studies have found characteristic differences in peripheral refraction between different refractive groups (see Charman and Radhakrishnan 2 for a review). Millodot 3 showed that myopic subjects exhibited a relative hyperopic refractive error in the peripheral retina, whereas emmetropes tended to have a relative peripheral myopic refractive error. Similar results have been shown by several other studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peripheral Refractive Changes Associated with Myopia Progression

Radhakrishnan

Allen

Calver

et al. 2013

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PURPOSE.To evaluate the changes in peripheral refraction profiles associated with myopia progression and treatment modalities used in the Cambridge Anti-Myopia Study. METHODS.One hundred and seventy-seven myopes in the age range of 14 to 22 years were enrolled in the study. The mean spherical equivalent refractive error was À3.12 6 1.87 diopters (D) and the refractive error of each participant was corrected with contact lenses. The participants were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups, which included: altered spherical aberration and vision training, altered spherical aberration only, vision training only, and control. Peripheral refractive error was measured using an open field autorefractor in the central 608 of the retina in 108 steps. The refractive error was measured using cycloplegic autorefraction. Two-year refractive progression data and initial peripheral refraction measurements were available in 113 participants. Measurements of peripheral refraction and cycloplegic refraction were obtained at three visits over 2 years in 12-month intervals for 92 participants.RESULTS. All subjects showed a relative peripheral hyperopia, especially in the nasal retina. A limited magnitude of myopia progression of À0.34 6 0.36 D over 2 years was found in each of the four groups on average. There were no significant differences in the rate of progression between any of the treatment groups (P > 0.05). Initial peripheral J45 astigmatic refractive error at 208 and 308 in the nasal retina was weakly correlated with progression of myopia over 2 years (r ¼À0.27, P ¼ 0.004 and r ¼À0.20, P ¼ 0.040, respectively; n ¼ 113). The change in spherical equivalent peripheral refractive error at 308 nasal retina over time was also significantly correlated with progression of myopia especially at 24 months (r ¼À0.24, P ¼ 0.017, n ¼ 92). CONCLUSIONS.Relative peripheral hyperopia is associated with myopia. Myopia progression may be weakly linked to changes in the peripheral refraction profiles in the nasal retina.However, a causative link between peripheral refractive error and myopia progression could not be established. (Invest

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peripheral Refractive Changes Associated with Myopia Progression

Radhakrishnan

Allen

Calver

et al. 2013

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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“…The published studies on peripheral refraction [16,17,28,53,[55][56][57][58] suggested that hyperopes had relative less hyperopic error in the periphery, while myopes usually had relative less myopic error in periphery. These experimental data was consistent with the previous predictions made by Charman and Jennings [59] and Dunne et al [60,61] which used simple models with ray tracing technique on the schematic eye.…”

Section: Measurement Of Off-axis Aberrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Multiple studies [53,[103][104][105] have shown that hyperopic and emmetropic eyes tend to have peripheral refractive errors that are myopic relative to the fovea. The image shell from a distant, extended object is therefore more curved than the retinal surface, resulting in an increasing amount of myopic blur at greater retinal eccentricities.…”

Section: Peripheral Refractions and Contact Lens Correctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular Aberrations and Image Quality, Contact Lens and MYOPIA Progression

Shen¹

2014

Ophthalmology - Current Clinical and Research Updates

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“…From these, a link between peripheral refraction and myopia in humans was established by Hoogerheide et al, 11 when they discovered that young emmetropic pilots with relative hypermetropic shifts in the periphery developed myopia after their training. Since then, many researchers, [12][13][14]15 [Love J, et al IOVS 2000;41(Suppl): S302.Abstract 1592]) have been considering and conducting animal and clinical experiments to investigate this correlation. Today, the recent developments in clinical instrumentation and technology have precipitated an enormous interest in peripheral refraction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…16,18 Considerable human research is being carried out to study the hypothesis that defocus and astigmatism in the retinal periphery may influence the development and progression of myopia. These studies [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] have reported diverse peripheral refraction patterns with various levels of ametropia. However, most suggest that emmetropes and hypermetropes have relative myopic shifts in the periphery, while myopes have relative hypermetropic shifts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Peripheral Refraction and Aberration Profiles Vary with the Type of Myopia? - An Illustration Using a Ray-Tracing Approach

Bakaraju

Ehrmann

Papas

et al. 2009

Journal of Optometry

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Myopia is considered to be the most common refractive error occurring in children and young adults, around the world. Motivated to elucidate how the process of emmetropization is disrupted, potentially causing myopia and its progression, researchers have shown great interest in peripheral refraction. This study assessed the effect of the myopia type, either refractive or axial, on peripheral refraction and aberration profiles. METHODS: Using customized schematic eye models for myopia in a ray tracing algorithm, peripheral aberrations, including the refractive error, were calculated as a function of myopia type. RESULTS: In all the selected models, hyperopic shifts in the mean spherical equivalent (MSE) component were found whose magnitude seemed to be largely dependent on the field angle. The MSE profiles showed larger hyperopic shifts for the axial type of myopic models than the refractive ones and were evident in -4 and -6 D prescriptions. Additionally, greater levels of astigmatic component (J180) were also seen in axial-length-dependent models, while refractive models showed higher levels of spherical aberration and coma. RESUMENSe considera que la miopía es el error refractivo más frecuente a nivel mundial en niños y en adultos jóvenes. Con el objetivo de esclarecer de qué modo se ve perturbado el proceso de emetropización, potencialmente dando lugar a la aparición de miopía y a su progresión, los investigadores se han mostrado muy interesados en estudiar la refracción periférica. Este estudio evalúa en qué medida la refracción periférica y los perfiles de aberración dependen del tipo de miopía predominante, ya sea refractiva o axial. MÉTODOS:Partiendo de modelos de ojo esquemáticos adaptados al caso de la miopía y utilizando un algoritmo de trazado de rayos, se calcularon las aberraciones periféricas, incluyendo el error refractivo, en función del tipo de miopía. RESULTADOS: En todos los modelos estudiados, se observó un cambio o desplazamiento hipermetrópico en el equivalente esférico medio (EEM), cuyo valor parecía depender mayormente del ángulo analizado (excentricidad). En los perfiles de EEM se aprecia que dicho desplazamiento hipermetrópico es mayor para los modelos de miopía de tipo axial que para los de tipo refractivo, diferencia que se hace evidente en los casos correspondientes a -4 D y a -6 D. Además, se observó que el coeficiente asociado al término de astigmatismo (J180) presentaba un valor más alto en los modelos con un mayor peso de la miopía axial, mientras que en los modelos predominantemente refractivos se obtuvieron mayores niveles de aberración esférica y de coma. CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio ha concluido que aquellos ojos miopes donde prima la componente axial pueden presentar un mayor riesgo de progresión que ojos miopes que tengan errores refractivos similares pero donde prime la componente refractiva. Esta predicción surge de los resultados teóricos obtenidos en modelos de ojos utilizando un algoritmo de trazado de rayos, por lo que necesitan ser confirmados experimentalment...

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Effect of Ametropia on Peripheral Refraction

Cited by 186 publications

References 0 publications

Peripheral Refractive Changes Associated with Myopia Progression

Peripheral Refractive Changes Associated with Myopia Progression

Ocular Aberrations and Image Quality, Contact Lens and MYOPIA Progression

Do Peripheral Refraction and Aberration Profiles Vary with the Type of Myopia? - An Illustration Using a Ray-Tracing Approach

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