Effect of Ambient Temperature on the Human Tear Film

Abusharha, Ali; Pearce, Elizabeth; Fagehi, Raied

doi:10.1097/icl.0000000000000210

Cited by 77 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…Temperature did not affect STT1 readings in our sample group. A previous human study did, however, demonstrate a slight effect of environmental T on tear evaporation rate, tear break up time, lipid layer thickness, and ocular surface temperature 12 . Aside from the fact that we did not utilize the same metrics in our study group as those in this previous work, there is no clear explanation for this difference.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

Environmental relative humidity affects Schirmer tear test results in normal dogs

Yoon

Liu

Carter

et al. 2020

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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Objective To investigate the effects of environmental temperature and relative humidity on tear test results in dogs. Animals studied 22 normal dogs. Procedures Routine Schirmer tear tests (STT1) and phenol red thread tests (PRTT) were administered to normal dogs in four environmental conditions with different relative humidity (RH) and temperature (T). Environmental conditions (mean ± SD) included the following: normal indoor (RH = 49 ± 4%, T = 72 ± 2°F), outdoor (RH = 62 ± 11%, T = 85 ± 6°F), indoor high humidity (RH = 85 ± 6%, T = 71 ± 1°F), and indoor low humidity (RH = 39 ± 2%, T = 76 ± 1°F). ANCOVA models were used to assess for significant associations between tear test readings and RH/T (P < .05). Results A significant, direct positive relationship between RH and STT1 results was detected (y = 0.04909*X + 19.11, P = .006) but not between T and STT1. There was no significant relationship between PRTT and RH or T. Conclusions These results suggest that STT1 but not PRTT is affected by RH and that T does not influence STT1 or PRTT results in normal dogs. RH is unlikely, however, to cause clinically significant effects on STT1 readings in normal dogs when performed in average indoor conditions. Future studies should investigate the influence of RH on STT1 readings obtained in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

Environmental relative humidity affects Schirmer tear test results in normal dogs

Yoon

Liu

Carter

et al. 2020

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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“…A threefold increase in the TE rate was measured as ambient temperature increased to 25°C and from 25°C to 34°C . Low temperature has also an adverse effect by lower non‐invasive BUT (5 second less) and LL thickness (halved) at 5°C than at 25°C . Overall, both low RH and low/high temperature have detrimental effects on the PTF characteristics; this agrees with a more impaired performance of the meibum lipid film resulting in structural changes by reduced viscoelasticity or compositional changes …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…For instance, higher temperature lowers BF, in accord with stimulation of the thermo‐sensitive TRPM8 cold fibers in cornea that initiates reflex blinking by cooling . A threefold increase in the TE rate was measured as ambient temperature increased to 25°C and from 25°C to 34°C . Low temperature has also an adverse effect by lower non‐invasive BUT (5 second less) and LL thickness (halved) at 5°C than at 25°C .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

External eye symptoms in indoor environments

Wolkoff

2016

Indoor Air

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Eye irritation, for example dry or irritated eyes, is generally among top three reported symptoms in office-like environments, in particular among workplaces with cognitive demanding visual display unit (VDU) work. The symptoms are especially among middle and advanced ages and particularly among women more than men. The symptoms are also among the most commonly reported complaints in the eye clinic. To be in a position to interpret the high prevalence of eye symptoms, a multidisciplinary and integrated approach is necessary that involves the external eye physiology (separate from internal eye effects), eye diseases (evaporative dry eye (DE), aqueous-deficient DE, and gland dysfunctions), and risk factors that aggravate the stability of precorneal tear film (PTF) resulting in hyperosmolarity and initiation of inflammatory reactions. Indoor environmental, occupational and personal risk factors may aggravate the PTF stability; factors such as age, contact lenses, cosmetics, diet, draft, gender, low humidity and high temperature, medication, outdoor and combustion pollutants, and VDU work.Psychological stressors may further influence the reporting behavior of eye symptoms.The impact of the risk factors may occur in a combined and exacerbating manner. The symptoms are also among the most commonly reported complaints in the eye clinic, 8 and dry eye disease (DED) is the most common cause of chronic eye irritation in patients over age of 50. 9,10 These external symptoms, as opposed to internal symptoms such as tired or strained eyes (asthenopia) as already described by Dante in 1304-1307, 11 are categorized as dry eye (DE)-like symptoms.12 The symptoms are especially among middle and advanced ages throughout the world and expected to increase due to visually highly demanding workplaces increase continuously and so does the average age of the workforce.Indoor air pollution and low relative humidity (RH) have been proposed to explain the external DE symptoms; furthermore, a number of occupational and personal risk factors have been suggested to exacerbate the symptom reporting. 13 For instance, high ozone concentrations, especially in aircraft, have been proposed to initiate both gas (homogeneous) and surface (heterogeneous) reactions with reactive substances to produce a complex host of gas-and particle-phase products, for example formaldehyde. 14-16 The key question in search of causality for DE symptoms in office workers is how important indoor air pollution is in comparison with occupational, environmental, and personal risk factors. For instance, reported DE symptoms among young and middle-aged Japanese office workers were significantly higher among those with clinically diagnosed DED (12%) than in those with probable (54%) or undiagnosed DED (34%);

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“…In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that increasing the ambient temperature increases the tear evaporation rate, TBUT, lipid layer thickness, and ocular surface temperature [254,622]. High altitude exposure, with cold and dry air, leads to a decrease in TBUT and an increase in tear film osmolarity [148].…”

Section: Non-pathophysiological Factors Impacting the Tear Filmmentioning

confidence: 99%

TFOS DEWS II Tear Film Report

et al. 2017

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The members of the Tear Film Subcommittee reviewed the role of the tear film in dry eye disease (DED). The Subcommittee reviewed biophysical and biochemical aspects of tears and how these change in DED. Clinically, DED is characterized by loss of tear volume, more rapid breakup of the tear film and increased evaporation of tears from the ocular surface. The tear film is composed of many substances including lipids, proteins, mucins and electrolytes. All of these contribute to the integrity of the tear film but exactly how they interact is still an area of active research. Tear film osmolarity increases in DED. Changes to other components such as proteins and mucins can be used as biomarkers for DED. The Subcommittee recommended areas for future research to advance our understanding of the tear film and how this changes with DED. The final report was written after review by all Subcommittee members and the entire TFOS DEWS II membership.

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Effect of Ambient Temperature on the Human Tear Film

Cited by 77 publications

References 31 publications

Environmental relative humidity affects Schirmer tear test results in normal dogs

Environmental relative humidity affects Schirmer tear test results in normal dogs

External eye symptoms in indoor environments

TFOS DEWS II Tear Film Report

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