This study examined the nature of the inflammatory response in the oral cavity as assessed by inflammatory markers in saliva. Both periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus were independently associated with the oral inflammatory burden, in which the effect of periodontal disease was more pronounced.
Esophageal cancers comprise adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, two distinct histologic subtypes. Both are difficult to treat and amongst the deadliest human malignancies. We describe protocols to initiate, grow, passage and characterize patient-derived organoids (PDO) of esophageal cancers as well as squamous cell carcinomas of oral/head-and-neck and anal origin. Formed rapidly (< 14 days) from a single cell suspension embedded in basement membrane matrix, esophageal cancer PDO recapitulate the histology of the original tumors. Additionally, we provide guidelines for morphological analyses and drug testing coupled with functional assessment of cell response to conventional chemotherapeutics and other pharmacological agents in concert with emerging automated imaging platforms.
BackgroundFor early‐stage oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), there is no existing risk‐stratification modality beyond conventional TNM staging system to identify patients at high risk for cancer‐specific mortality.MethodsA total of 568 early‐stage OSCC patients who had surgery only and also with available 5‐year clinical outcomes data were identified. Signature microRNAs (miRNAs) were discovered using deep sequencing analysis and validated by qRT‐PCR. The final 5‐plex prognostic marker panel was utilized to generate a cancer‐specific mortality risk score using the multivariate Cox regression analyses. The prognostic markers were validated in the internal and external validation cohorts.ResultsThe risk score from the 5‐plex marker panel consisting of miRNAs‐127‐3p, 4736, 655‐3p, TNM stage and histologic grading stratified patients into four risk categories. Compared to the low‐risk group, the high‐risk group had 23‐fold increased mortality risk (hazard ratio 23, 95% confidence interval 13‐42), with a median time‐to‐recurrence of 6 months and time‐to‐death of 11 months (vs >60 months for each among low‐risk patient; p < .001).ConclusionThe miRNA‐based 5‐plex marker panel driven mortality risk score formula provides clinically practical and reliable measures to assess the prognosis of patients assigned to an early‐stage OSCC.
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