Effect of altitude on the physical growth of upper-class children of European ancestry

Greksa, Lawrence P.; Spielvogel, Hilde; Caceres, Esperanza

doi:10.1080/03014468500007721

Cited by 71 publications

(55 citation statements)

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“…Although this same issue has been raised, nutrition versus hypoxia per se, it is becoming clear that (i) there is growth retardation, including at birth, of children born at high altitude; and (ii) when controlled for nutrition, socio-economic class and other factors, studies have concluded that growth and development at high altitude result in a moderate delay in linear growth of wellnourished children, and that these patterns are established very early in life. 46,47 One very interesting observation that has bearing on this issue is related to hypoxia in invertebrates. 48,49 Fruit flies (Drosophila) decrease their body size as a function of severity of the hypoxic stress.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential effects of chronic intermittent and chronic constant hypoxia on postnatal growth and development

Farahani

Kanaan

Gavrialov

et al. 2007

Pediatric Pulmonology

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Summary. Exposure to chronic constant or intermittent hypoxia (CCH or CIH) may have different effects on growth and development in early life. In this work, we exposed postnatal day 2 (P2) CD1 mice to CCH or CIH (11% O 2 ) for 4 weeks and examined the effect of hypoxia on body and organ growth until P30. Regression analysis showed that weight increased in control, CCH and CIH cohorts with age with r 2 values of 0.99, 0.97, and 0.94, respectively. Between days 2 and 30, slopes were 0.93 AE 0.057, 0.76 AE 0.108, and 0.63 AE 0.061 (g/day, means AE SEM) for control, CIH, and CCH, respectively and significantly different from each other (P < 0.001). The slopes between P2 and P16 were 0.78 AE 0.012, 0.46 AE 0.002, and 0.47 AE 0.019 for control, CCH and CIH, respectively. From P16 to 30, slopes were 1.12 AE 0.033, 1.09 AE 0.143, and 0.82 AE 0.08 for control, CIH, and CCH, respectively with no significant difference from each other, suggesting a catch-up growth in the latter part of the hypoxic period. Slower weight gain resulted in a 12% and 23% lower body weight in CIH and CCH mice (P < 0.001) by P30. Lung/body ratios were 0.010, 0.015, 0.015 for control, CIH, and CCH at P30, respectively. The decrease in liver, kidney, and brain weight were greater in CCH than CIH. Smaller liver weight was shown to be due to a reduction in cell size and cell number. Liver in CIH and CCH mice showed a 5% and 10% reduction in cell size (P < 0.05) and a reduction of 28% in cell number (P < 0.001) at P30. In contrast, CCH and CIH heart weight was 13% and 33% greater than control at P30 (P < 0.05), respectively. This increase in the heart weight was due to an increase in the size of cardiomyocytes which showed an increase of 12% and 14% (P < 0.001) for CIH and CCH, respectively as compared to control. Brain weight was 0.48 and 0.46 g for CIH and CCH, respectively (95% and 92% of normal). We concluded that (a) CIH and CCH follow different body and organ growth patterns; (b) mostly with CCH, the liver and kidneys are reduced in size in a proportionate way to body size but heart, lung, and brain are either spared or increased in size compared to body weight; and (c) the decrease in liver is secondary mostly to a decrease in cell number.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential effects of chronic intermittent and chronic constant hypoxia on postnatal growth and development

Farahani

Kanaan

Gavrialov

et al. 2007

Pediatric Pulmonology

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“…imor hism in stature, resulting in the stature Zfferences between lowlanders and highlanders bein greatest during late child-DAH predicts that these patterns ultimately result in highland adults being shorter than their lowland counterparts. (Greksa et al, 1985a;Stinson, 1982) and b estimat- (Greksa, 1988;chutte et al, 1983). hese studies suggested that highland children are 1-4 cm shorter, on average, than lowlanders in the effect of varying lengths o P exposure to 7-l ypobaric hy oxia in European mi ants T of the same age.…”

Section: Linear Growth and Sexual Maturationmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The exercise tests were continuous and ro essive and were performed on a treadmi!. f i r e detailed information on the samples and study protocols can be found elsewhere (Greksa and Haas, 1982;Greksa et al, 1985aGreksa et al, ,b, 1987Greksa et al, ,1988.…”

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confidence: 99%

Developmental responses to high‐altitude hypoxia in Bolivian children of European ancestry: A test of the developmental adaptation hypothesis

Greksa

1990

American J Hum Biol

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The developmental adaptation hypothesis (DAH) proposes that highlanders adapt to their hypobaric hypoxic environment during growth and development. This report utilizes data on children (9.0-19.9 yr) of European ancestry residing in Santa Cruz and La Paz, Bolivia, to test selected aspects of the DAH. Previous tests of this hypothesis have been hampered by difficulties in controlling for socioeconomic and genetic influences. However, due to their high socioeconomic status and their relatively short history of residence at high altitudes, these factors can be reasonably well controlled in studies of European children. The data on European children are consistent with some but not all aspects of the DAH. First, examination of the available data on V̇O max (ml/kg/min) in European boys suggests that chronic exposure to hypobaric hypoxia results in an enhancement of the overall functional capacity of the oxygen transport system during adolescence, as predicted by the DAH. Second, chronic exposure to hypobaric hypoxia results in a delay in linear growth and maturation in European children, as well as in an enhancement of their lung volumes, also as predicted by the DAH. However, the effects of chronic hypoxia on linear growth, after controlling for health and nutritional status, are not as large as previously believed and, contrary to the expectations of the DAH, they need not be acquired through a distinctive pattern of growth during late childhood and adolescence. Instead, it appears that these patterns are established in European highlanders prior to 9 years of age and are then maintained, rather than accentuated, during later developmental periods.

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“…a sample of rural Aymaran children from the community ofhcoraimes (Stinson, 1980),3) a sample of urban Aymara children from LaPaz (Greksa et al, 1984), and 4) a sample of urban upper-class children of European ancestry from LaPaz (Greksa et al, 1985).…”

Section: Wr Leonard Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Contributions of nutrition versus hypoxia to growth in rural Andean populations

Leonard

Leatherman

Carey

et al. 1990

American J Hum Biol

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Previous research on diet and nutrition among peasant agriculturalists in the Andes has produced inconsistent results. As a consequence it has been difficult to determine the extent to which nutritional factors contribute to the slowed, prolonged growth and resultant small adult body size that is characteristic of these highland populations. The study examines patterns of diet and growth in the rural highland community of Nuñoa, Peru (elevation 4,000 m), and compares them to similar data collected on this community during the 1960s. Additional data from other locations in the Andes are then evaluated to discern critical determinants of growth variation. Analyses of the Nuñoan data indicate that nutritional factors have played a significant role in shaping statural growth at this location. Comparisons of other growth surveys indicate that Nuñoans remain among the smallest of all Andean populations. Additionally, urban/rural differences in growth are quite evident in the highlands, with the magnitude of this difference being greater than in other regions (i.e., coastal or jungle). It appears that income level and access to land strongly interact to direct and constrain food consumption patterns. The resulting differences in nutrition, in turn, appear to be strong predictors of growth variation. Consequently, studies that consider 1) dietary intake, 2) level of variability in diet, and 3) relative contributions of purchased and home-produced food to diet should contribute to furthering our understanding of growth variation in the Andes.

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Effect of altitude on the physical growth of upper-class children of European ancestry

Cited by 71 publications

References 10 publications

Differential effects of chronic intermittent and chronic constant hypoxia on postnatal growth and development

Differential effects of chronic intermittent and chronic constant hypoxia on postnatal growth and development

Developmental responses to high‐altitude hypoxia in Bolivian children of European ancestry: A test of the developmental adaptation hypothesis

Contributions of nutrition versus hypoxia to growth in rural Andean populations

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