Effect of Adjuvants on Antibody Response of Rabbits Inoculated With Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus

Shepel, Michael; Klugerman, Maxwell R.

doi:10.1128/jb.85.5.1150-1155.1963

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Immune sera for the HAl test. Specific rabbit VEE antiserum was prepared according to the method of Shepel and Klugerman (33). The serum gave a HAI titer of 1:10,240.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemagglutination-Inhibition Method and Immunofluorescence Staining with Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus

Shepel¹

1966

Applied Microbiology

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SHEPEL, MICHAEL (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.). Hemagglutination-inhibition method and immunofluorescence staining with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. Appl. Microbiol. 14:346-352. 1966.-Hemagglutination and fluorescent antibody (FA) are compared for the direct detection of virus devoid of host cells. A determination was made of the minimal number of tissue plaque-forming units of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus that could be detected by the hemagglutination technique. Similar concentrations of the virus in bovine albumin borate saline, Brain Heart Infusion broth (Difco), and demineralized water were tested by the FA technique. Somewhat higher concentrations of the virus in bovine albumin borate saline were used in the hemagglutination-inhibition test. The quantitative hemagglutination procedure employed for these studies was carried out at 37 C for 75 min with variations in concentration of goose red cells. As a result of lowering the red cell concentration, smaller concentrations of virus were detected. The direct FA staining procedure applied to slide preparations containing known numbers of tissue culture plaque-forming units of virus was negative. Adsorbed viral antigen on agglutinated goose erythrocytes was visualized by direct and indirect FA techniques.

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“…Immune sera for the HAl test. Specific rabbit VEE antiserum was prepared according to the method of Shepel and Klugerman (33). The serum gave a HAI titer of 1:10,240.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemagglutination-Inhibition Method and Immunofluorescence Staining with Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus

Shepel¹

1966

Applied Microbiology

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“…1). Similarly, CFA was more active than IFA in increasing the immune response [e.g., to Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in rabbits (34)] and in stimulating the phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system in mice (26). Thus, interferon production, immune response, and phagocytosis appeared to be closely related phenomena, as they were all influenced by IFA and CFA in a parallel manner.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The precise mechanism of action of Freund's adjuvant is not yet settled. It has been postulated that mineral oil, CFA, and IFA enhance antibody production by coating the antigen with a thin film of oil that protects it from rapid inactivation (15,34). This hypothesis does not explain why CFA is more active than IFA and is obviously limited to simultaneous injection of adjuvant and antigen by the same route.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potentiating Effect of Freund's Adjuvant on Interferon Production by Endotoxin or Poly rI•Poly rC

1970

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Intraperitoneal injection of mice with mineral oil, incomplete (IFA) or complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) increased the interferon response to endotoxin or (poly rI)-(poly rC) administered intravenously 2 days later. After endotoxin administration, circulating interferon titers were increased at several different times of sampling and with a variety of endotoxin dosages. When injection of endotoxin was delayed until 6 to 8 days after the administration of IFA or CFA, interferon production was markedly decreased. Mice treated with CFA and injected with endotoxin 2 days later became more resistant to intranasal vesicular stomatitis virus challenge than mice injected with endotoxin alone. Hyporeactivity to the interferon-inducing capacity of a second injection of endotoxin 2 days after the first injection could not be overcome by administering CFA simultaneously with the first dose. CFA treatment not only raised the serum interferon titers produced by endotoxin, but also increased the number of interferon-forming cells in the spleen after administration of endotoxin in vivo. In addition, CFA enhanced the intravascular clearance of (poly rI) * (poly rC). The possibility that Freund's adjuvant increased the interferon response to endotoxin and (poly rI) * (poly rC) by stimulating the uptake and processing of the interferon inducer by lymphoreticular cells is discussed. The interferon response to endotoxin can be increased by several factors such as preinfection with attenuated tubercle bacilli (BCG; references 41 and 42), X-ray irradiation (11), adrenalectomy (11, 28), lead acetate (W. R. Stinebring and M. Absher, Proc. Int. Symp. Interferon, Lyons, in press), cycloheximide (40, 43, 45), and zymosan [a cell wall extract from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Y. Nagano and N. Maehara, Japan-U.S.A. Interferon Seminar, Tokyo, in press)]. Some of these factors (BCG, zymosan) have also been reported to stimulate the phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system (5, 30) and to have an adjuvant effect on antibody formation (6, 14). Other factors such as kinetin riboside, thorotrast, corticoids, cyclophosphamide, and cytotoxic drugs have suppressing effects on both antibody and interferon production (as reviewed by E. De Clercq and T. C. Merigan, Annu. Rev. Med., in press). 'Fellow of the Damon Runyon Memorial Fund for Cancer Research, "Aangesteld Navorser" of the Belgian N.F.W.O. (Nationaal Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek).

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Effect of Bacteria and Bacterial Products on Antibody Response

Muñoz

1964

Advances in Immunology

102

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Effect of Adjuvants on Antibody Response of Rabbits Inoculated With Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus

Cited by 5 publications

References 13 publications

Hemagglutination-Inhibition Method and Immunofluorescence Staining with Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus

Hemagglutination-Inhibition Method and Immunofluorescence Staining with Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus

Potentiating Effect of Freund's Adjuvant on Interferon Production by Endotoxin or Poly rI•Poly rC

Effect of Bacteria and Bacterial Products on Antibody Response

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