Effect of Addition of PVA/PG to Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsion Kojic Monooleate Formulation on Droplet Size: Three-Factors Response Surface Optimization and Characterization

Abstract

An oil in water (O/W) nanoemulsion formulation containing kojic monooleate (KMO) in thin film system was developed. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize and analyzed the effect of three variables, namely concentration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (20–30% w/w), concentration of propylene glycol (PG) (1–10% w/w), and shear rate of high shear homogenizer (3000–9000 rpm) on droplet size as a response, while other compositions remained constant such as KMO (10.0% w/w), Tween 80 (3.19% w/w), castor oil (3.74% w/w), xanthan gum (0.70% w/w), and germall plus (0.7% w/w, PG (and) diazolidinyl urea (and) iodopropynyl butylcarbamate). The optimized KMO nanoemulsion formulation with desirable criteria was PVA (27.61% w/w) and PG (1.05% w/w), and shear rate (8656.17 rpm) with a predicted droplet size (110.21 nm) and actual droplet size (105.93 nm) with a residual standard error (RSE) of less than 2.0% was obtained. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the fitness of the quadratic polynomial fit the experimental data with a F-value of 65.30, p–value of p < 0.0001, and a non-significant lack-of-fit. The optimized KMO formulation shows the desired criteria of the thin film system and the physicochemical properties (Zeta potential −37.37 mV, PDI 0.13, pH 4.74) and stability at four different conditions indicate its suitability for cosmeceutical applications.

In vitro Kinetic Release Study, in vivo Hydration and Moisturizing Effect of Peel-off Oil-in-Water (O/W) Nanoemulsion Containing Kojic Monooleate for Topical Application

“…39,40 According to Azhar et al, (2018), the droplet size of KMO nanoemulsion decreased as the concentration of Tween 80 increased, which was caused by the ability of Tween 80 to act as an emulsifier to lower the interfacial tension thus reducing droplet deformation. 20 Due to the optimization method performed while developing peel-off formulation containing KMO, the droplet size obtained was lower compared to the study by Azhar (2018) by approximately 5 nm (Jaslina et al, 2020). 20,22 The smaller droplet size obtained (105.93 ± 0.21 nm) may be contributed to the improved kinetic release of the KMO across the membrane layer as well.…”

“…Using the approach described in a previous study, a peel-off O/W nanoemulsion containing KMO (105.93 ± 0.21 nm) was created. 22 KMO, castor oil, tween 80, xanthan gum, deionized water, PVA as a plasticizer, and PG as solvent were used to make a peel-off nanoemulsion using a high and low energy emulsification approach. PVA was first prepared by dispersing it in deionized water (1:1) and heating it to 80°C to dissolve it.…”

Application of Blue Honeysuckle Powder Obtained by an Innovative Method of Low-Temperature Drying in Skincare Face Masks

“…Cosmetic mask formulations were developed on the basis of the relevant literature and the author’s ownexperience in the field [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. A total of six formulations were prepared ( Figure 6 ), containing varying concentrations of blue honeysuckle (INCI: Lonicera Caerulea Fruit Powder ).…”

“…Skincare masks are a type of cosmetic that has been attracting a great deal of attention, mainly because of a high content of active ingredients. According to a literature review [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ] there is no strict classification of cosmetic masks. However, three division criteria are most commonly adopted: the physical form, the effects on the skin, and the type of skin for which masks are intended as a skin care product.…”

“…Taking into consideration the form, the following mask types can be distinguished: solid, soft gel, foam, fibrous, thermo-modeling, soft powder, paraffin, and dual—with a consistency of gel and cream (manufactured in separate packaging and combined during application). Based on their effects on the skin, cosmetic masks can be divided into moisturizing, soothing, astringent, lifting-modeling (thermo-modeling), healing, under-eye (algae, gel, gel patches), warming, regenerating, and cleansing types [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Another criterion for classifying cosmetic masks is the type of skin for which they are designed.…”