Effect of acetylated citrate plasticizer on mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride)

Novel environmentally sustainable plasticizers based on ricinoleic acid for polyvinyl chloride: structure and properties

“…Thus far, numerous eco-friendly bio-based plasticizers have been studied and applied, such as epoxidized soybean oil, 32,33 epoxidized sunflower oil, 34,35 cashew phenol-based plasticizers, 36,37 sugar alcohol-based plasticizers, [38][39][40] citric acid-based plasticizers, 41,42 bio-based glycerol, 43 and so on. The agricultural and forestry by-products and their derivatives are the main monomer materials used in manufacturing these plasticizers.…”

Evaluation of Green Biobased Plasticizers in Poly(vinyl chloride): Sustainability, Thermal Behavior, Mechanical Properties, and Durability

“…28,30−33 This issue was mitigated via the acetylation 34−40 or butyrylation 41 of the tertiary hydroxyl group, decreasing the polarity of the plasticizers, hence increasing their compatibility with the PVC material. 6,28 However, the production of these plasticizers still requires processes entailing environmental pollution which require hazardous substances and result in a significant amount of waste. 34−41 Alternatively, a strategy comprising the dehydration−hydrogenation of citric acid was developed in which the tertiary hydroxyl group was removed, resulting in the production of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid (tricarballylic acid).…”

“…Recently, research has focused on biobased plasticizers as a result of their excellent plasticizing properties, low toxicity, and low migration. Especially, plasticizers derived from vegetable oils, ,, sugar derivatives, , and citrates , are considered as suitable alternatives. More specifically, citrate esters are considered a promising class of plasticizers, as their main precursor (citric acid) is produced at a large scale, with a high purity (>99.5%) via fermentation processes, and the respective plasticizers have proven to be competitive with, e.g., LMW phthalates. ,, …”

“…More specifically, citrate esters are considered a promising class of plasticizers, as their main precursor (citric acid) is produced at a large scale, with a high purity (>99.5%) via fermentation processes, and the respective plasticizers have proven to be competitive with, e.g., LMW phthalates. 8,28,29 The synthesis and performance of citrate esters are well documented. Originally, triesters of citric acid like triethyl citrate and tributyl citrate (TBC) were proposed as plasticizers, exhibiting decent plasticizing performance and low toxicity.…”

An Eco-friendly Sustainable Plasticizer from Isosorbide and Nonanoic Acid: Synthesis and Application

“…The rst type is vegetable oil-based plasticizers prepared directly from vegetable oils by chemical modi cation [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27], for example, Sneha D. Satavalekar et al have synthesized a triester amide of thiophene (THPRBA) by enabling the reaction of ricinoleic acid (RA) with diester derivative of 2aminothiophene (THP) at high temperature followed by treatment with benzoic acid (BA), which can be expected to complement and gradually replace DOP in plasticizer application in certain industries of PVC [28]. The second is a citrate or acetyl citrate plasticizer synthesized from citric acid [29][30][31][32], for instance, Chi-Hui Tsou et al have used acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) to plasticize PLA/tapioca/methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) compounds to modify their plasticity and biodegradability, with the drawback that excessive ATBC will cause high mobility and reduce tensile properties [33]. Then, the last one is the sugar-based plasticizer obtained by chemical modi cation of various sugar derivatives, currently including sugar alcohol and isosorbide, among them, as a new nontoxic and environmentally friendly bio-based plasticizer, isosorbide plasticizer, which can be synthesized by glucose, has good environmental friendliness and biodegradability, and its structure is similar to that of traditional o-phenyl plasticizer, so it can be used as one of the alternatives to traditional o-phenyl plasticizer, hence it has good prospects for development and application as well as research signi cance [34][35][36][37].…”