Effect of acepromazine and butorphanol on isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration in goats

Doherty, Thomas J; Rohrbach, Barton W; Geiser, Dvm Dennis R.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2885.2002.00371.x

Cited by 24 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…The observed median isoflurane MAC of 1.40 vol% in the present study is comparable to observations from other studies in which a noxious stimulus was used to determine MAC (Antognini and Eisele, 1993;Hikasa et al, 1998Hikasa et al, , 2002McEwen et al, 2000;Doherty et al, 2002aDoherty et al, ,b, 2004. In the present study, isoflurane MAC was defined according to Merkel and Eger (1963), as the lowest isoflurane alveolar (end-tidal) concentration required by an individual goat to prevent gross purposeful movement in response to a supramaximal stimulus, which in the present study was claw-clamping using a Vulsellum forceps.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Effects of midazolam on isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration in goats

Dzikiti

Stegmann

Dzikiti

et al. 2011

Small Ruminant Research

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a b s t r a c tThe effects of midazolam on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in mechanically ventilated goats were evaluated. Six healthy goats (3 does and 3 wethers) were used in a randomized crossover design. General anaesthesia was induced with isoflurane. Endotracheal intubation was performed after which anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane. Baseline isoflurane MAC was determined. The goats then received, on separate occasions, one of three midazolam treatments intravenously: bolus dose of 0.1 mg/kg followed by a maintenance dose of 0.1 mg/kg/h (Treatment LMID), bolus dose of 0.3 mg/kg followed by a maintenance dose of 0.3 mg/kg/h (Treatment MMID), bolus dose of 0.9 mg/kg followed by a maintenance dose of 0.9 mg/kg/h (Treatment HMID) intravenously. Isoflurane MAC was then re-determined for each midazolam treatment. The baseline [median (inter-quartile range)] isoflurane MAC in goats was 1.40 (1.38-1.41)%. Baseline isoflurane MAC was statistically significantly reduced (P < 0.05) following Treatment LMID, Treatment MMID and Treatment HMID by 16.8%, 35.1% and 54.7%, respectively. Quality of recovery from anaesthesia was good following all midazolam treatments. Midazolam, administered by constant rate infusion, significantly reduces isoflurane MAC in goats.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Effects of midazolam on isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration in goats

Dzikiti

Stegmann

Dzikiti

et al. 2011

Small Ruminant Research

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“…Butorphanol does not seem to improve the level of sedation obtainable from midazolam alone, as no differences were observed in the level of sedation when the two were co-administered in comparison with midazolam alone. Butorphanol has been suspected to stimulate the central nervous system in goats, with effects such as restlessness and abnormal vocalisation cited (Carroll et al 2001;Galatos 2011;Doherty et al 2002). These excitatory effects were not observed in the present study.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 60%

“…traditionally included in balanced anaesthetic protocols for their analgesic effects, but they also have species-specific sedative effects (Lemke 2007). Butorphanol has useful analgesic effects in ruminants, but it can also cause central nervous system stimulation (Carroll et al 2001;Doherty, Rohrbach & Geiser 2002). Butorphanol at a dose range of 0.02 mg/kg -0.50 mg/kg, administered intramuscularly or intravenously, increases the degree of sedation obtainable from acepromazine or benzodiazepines (Dzikiti et al 2009;Riebold 2007;Valverde & Gunkel 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of midazolam and butorphanol, administered alone or combined, on the dose and quality of anaesthetic induction with alfaxalone in goats

Dzikiti¹,

Zeiler²,

Dzikiti³

et al. 2014

J S Afr Vet Assoc

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Goats are rarely anaesthetised; consequently, scant information is available on the efficacy of anaesthetic drugs in this species. Alfaxalone is a relatively new anaesthetic agent, of which the efficacy in goats has not yet been studied. In this study, the sedative and alfaxalone sparing effects of midazolam and butorphanol, administered alone or concomitantly, in goats were assessed. Eight clinically healthy goats, four does and four wethers, were enlisted in a randomised crossover manner to receive intramuscular sedative treatments consisting of saline 0.05 mL/kg, or midazolam 0.30 mg/kg, or butorphanol 0.10 mg/kg, or a combination of midazolam 0.30 mg/kg with butorphanol 0.10 mg/kg before intravenous induction of general anaesthesia with alfaxalone. Following induction, the goats were immediately intubated and the quality of anaesthesia and basic physiological cardiorespiratory and blood-gas parameters were assessed until the goats had recovered from anaesthesia. The degree of sedation, quality of induction and recovery were scored. When compared with saline (3.00 mg/kg), midazolam,administered alone or with butorphanol, caused a statistically significant increased level of sedation and a reduction in the amount of alfaxalone required for induction (2.00 mg/kg and 1.70 mg/kg, respectively). Butorphanol alone (2.30 mg/kg) did not cause significant changes in level of sedation or alfaxalone-induction dose. During induction and recovery, the goats were calm following all treatments, including the control group. Cardiorespiratory and blood-gas parameters were maintained within clinically acceptable limits. The present study showed that midazolam, administered alone or combined with butorphanol, produces a degree of sedation that significantly reduces the dose of alfaxalone required for induction of general anaesthesia in goats, without causing any major adverse cardiorespiratory effects.

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“…Because sevoflurane is approximately seven times the cost of isoflurane and a higher MAC is required for a surgical plane of anesthesia, any advantages of this agent may be outweighed by the cost per volume of inhalant needed (Sellers et al, 2013). Similarly, acepromazine, but not butorphanol when administered as premedicants reduced isoflurane MAC 36-45% in anesthetized goats (Doherty et al, 2002a). Isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane provide little to no post-recovery analgesia, therefore pain management must be provided by other drugs and techniques.…”

Section: A Inhalant Anestheticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Butorphanol (0.05-0.1 mg/kg IV, IM, or SC) will relieve mild-moderate pain in small ruminants but duration is limited to 4-6 h (Abrahamsen, 2009b). Intravenous administration of butorphanol has been reported to cause negative behavioral side effects in goats and sheep (Waterman et al, 1991a;Doherty et al, 2002a). Intramuscular or SC administration results in lower peak serum concentrations than IV administration and less negative side effects (Plummer and Schleining, 2013).…”

Section: Opioidsmentioning

confidence: 99%