Effect of a Phytogenic Water Additive on Growth Performance, Blood Metabolites and Gene Expression of Amino Acid Transporters in Nursery Pigs Fed with Low-Protein/High-Carbohydrate Diets

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a phytogenic water additive (PWA) on growth performance and underlying factors involved in pigs fed with low-protein (LP)/high-carbohydrate diets. Forty-eight weaned barrows were allotted to six treatments for 4 weeks: CON-NS, control (CON) diet-no PWA; CON-LS, CON diet-low dose PWA (4 mL/L); CON-HS, CON diet-high dose PWA (8 mL/L); LP-NS, LP diet-no PWA; LP-LS, LP diet-low dose PWA; LP-HS, LP diet-high dose PWA. Relative to CON-NS, pigs fed with CON-HS had increased average daily gain, body weight and serum calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) and had decreased mRNA abundance of solute carrier family 7 member 11 and solute carrier family 6 member 19 in jejunum. Compared to LP-NS, pigs fed with LP-HS had increased muscle lean%, decreased muscle fat%, decreased serum Ca and increased serum P. Compared to their NS counterparts, CON-LS, CON-HS, and LP-LS increased the concentration of plasma essential AA and those fed with CON-HS and LP-HS tended to reduce the abundance of the solute carrier family 7 member 1 transcript in skeletal muscle. Thus, PWA improved the performance of weaned pigs fed with protein-adequate diets likely through increased blood essential AA and affected the muscle composition when dietary protein was deficient.

A Mixture of Valine and Isoleucine Restores the Growth of Protein-Restricted Pigs Likely through Improved Gut Development, Hepatic IGF-1 Pathway, and Plasma Metabolomic Profile

“…RNA isolation, reverse transcription, and quantitative PCR were performed as we previously described [ 4 , 56 , 57 ]. Following total RNA extraction, the RNA was quantified using a NanoDrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA).…”

Dietary Tryptophan Supplementation Alters Fat and Glucose Metabolism in a Low-Birthweight Piglet Model

“…The mixed procedure was used for the analysis of blood glucose, DMI, BW, rectal temperature, and thermal radiation, with diet, time, and the interaction of diet and time as fixed variables and pigs as a random variable. As previously described [ 42 , 43 , 50 ], the covariance structure of repeated measurements was modeled for each variable based on the smallest levels of fit statistics for corrected Akaike’s Information Criterion and Bayesian Information Criterion. Before statistical analysis of all the data, the outlier test was performed in SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics Version 23, Armonk, NY, USA), which is based on the Interquartile Rule.…”

“…RNA isolation and RT-qPCR were performed for glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), glucokinase (GCK), liver-type phosphofructokinase (PFKL), liver-type pyruvate kinase (PKLR), pyruvate carboxylase (PC), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC), glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), cluster of differentiation 36 molecule (CD36), fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADH), sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP-1), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα), and PPARG coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α) in the liver, following our published procedures [38,49,50]. The quality of isolated RNA was measured by a NanoDrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA).…”

“…The quality of isolated RNA was measured by a NanoDrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA). The complementary cDNA was synthesized by a thermoscycler (T100TM Thermal Cycler, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA), and then a CFX96 real-time PCR detection system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) was used to measure the mRNA abundance of the target genes through real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), followed by a melt curve, as previously described [38,49,50]. The primers used are shown in Supplemental Table S5 and were obtained from previous publications [51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58].…”

Dietary Isoleucine and Valine: Effects on Lipid Metabolism and Ureagenesis in Pigs Fed with Protein Restricted Diets

“…Following our published procedures [ 10 , 33 , 58 , 59 ], RNA was isolated from liver and subcutaneous adipose tissue. RT-qPCR was performed for carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 α ( CPT1 α) , lipoprotein lipase ( LPL ), cluster of differentiation 36 molecule ( CD36 ), fatty acid synthase ( FAS ), acetyl-CoA carboxylase ( ACC ), hormone-sensitive lipase ( HSL ), hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase ( HADH ), sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 ( SREBP-1 ), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha ( PPARα ), and PPARG coactivator 1 alpha ( PGC1α ).…”