Effect by Alkaline Flocculation of Algae and Phosphorous from Water Using a Calcined Waste Oyster Shell

Abstract

Alkaline flocculation has been considered as a potential candidate to remove algae and eutrophic substances from water. A number of researches using low-cost and environmentally friendly methods have been suggested to optimize removal efficiency. In this study, a calcium-containing waste oyster shell, as an environmentally friendly substance, has been used to treat phosphorous, a eutrophic substance, and to remove algae from the fresh water simultaneously. The X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis showed that CaO was a major phase in a raw oyster shell, which played an important role for flocculation of phosphorous as well as algae. In order to eliminate the algae or phosphorous effectively, oyster shell was calcined at 1000 • C and hydrated in water. The slurry of hydrated calcined oyster shell, from 5 g/L to 12.5 g/L, was utilized in this experiment, where the experimental results were compared with that of dolomite. A series of experimental investigations, such as pH and turbidity changes using the water quality analyzer and UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), demonstrated that the algae were efficiently removed. In addition, total phosphorous (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) analyses at different amounts of slurries of the hydrated calcined oyster shell showed that almost all the phosphorous was removed at 7.5 g/L of hydrated oyster shell, but due to the high solubility of nitrogen compounds, no obvious effect for the removal of nitrogen was observed. Furthermore, powder X-ray diffractions (PXRD) showed that Ca(OH) 2 compounds were transformed to the phosphate compound, suggesting that the oyster shell caused flocculation by chemically forming with phosphorous ions.

Preparation of Fe(III) Peeling‐Intercalation Ball Clay/Oyster Shell Composites and Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater

“…However, the results indicated that part of CaCO 3 was still retained in FB-OS after calcination, which was as like the literature. [47] In addition, it was reported that CaO Thermogravimetric analysis was performed on B-BC-OS and B-FB-OS to observe the impaction of Fe(III)-ball clay on the hightemperature weight loss of oyster shells, the results were shown in Figure 1e,f. It could be observed that the volatilization of free water in the samples before 100 °C.…”

“…However, the results indicated that part of CaCO 3 was still retained in FB‐OS after calcination, which was as like the literature. [ 47 ] In addition, it was reported that CaO could react with SiO 2 to form CaSiO 3 . Fe(OH) 3 was dehydrated at high temperature to form Fe 2 O 3 , and part of Fe 2 O 3 reacted chemically with CaO to form Ca 2 Fe 2 O 5 .…”

Review of shell waste reutilization to promote sustainable shellfish aquaculture

“…Shell waste has high porosity, active adsorption sites and a high specific surface area, and thus, it can be used as an efficient and cheap biosorbent. The adsorption efficiency depends on parameters such as the pH of the solution, reaction temperature, contact time, adsorbent dosage and the concentration of metal ions [53][54][55].…”