Shellfish aquaculture has developed rapidly, and the annual production of shell waste by‐products exceeds 10 million tons. The reutilization of shell waste is a severe problem in terms of environmental protection and the development of the circular economy. Due to its limited economic value, shell waste has generally been discarded or sent to landfill without any further processing and reutilization, thereby wasting resources and severely degrading the coastal ecosystem. This review summarizes recent research into the reutilization of shell waste, including applications in the fields of agriculture, construction, environmental protection, chemical production, food additives and biomaterials. Problems and strategies related to the reutilization of shell waste are analysed in order to provide technical support for the large‐scale and high value‐added utilization of shell waste.
Quarrying and processing of granite produce large amounts of waste residues. Besides being a loss of resources, improper disposal of these wastes results in pollution of the soil, water and air around the dumpsites. The main components of granite waste are quartz, feldspars and a small amount of biotite. Due to its hard and dense texture, high strength, corrosion resistance and wear resistance, granite waste may be recycled into building materials, composite materials and fine ceramics, effectively improving their mechanical properties and durability. By using the flotation process, high value-added products such as potash feldspar and albite may be retrieved from granite waste. Also, granite waste has the potential for application in soil remediation and sewage treatment. This review presents recent advances in granite waste reutilization, and points out the problems associated with its use, and the related countermeasures, indicating the scale of high value-added reutilization of granite waste.
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