Efeitos da crioterapia, estimulação elétrica transcutânea e da sua associação na atividade elétrica do nervo femoral em ratos

Immediate effects of TENS and cryotherapy in the reflex excitability and voluntary activity in hemiparetic subjects: a randomized crossover trial

“…Unidirectionally, higher latency may be an important variable for showing that ice application is beneficial in reducing spasticity effects; however, this increase was associated with an increase in peak-to-peak H-reflex amplitude, contributing to the greater Hmax/Mmax ratio. It is important to consider the influence of cooling on other conduction variables such as amplitude and nerve conduction duration, which may increase after cooling and exacerbate reflex responses 40,41 . Conversely, Allison and Abraham 8 state that the H-reflex elevation after cooling should not be misinterpreted.…”

Diferenças de gênero no limiar sensitivo para estimulação elétrica nervosa em adultos jovens

“…[1][2][3][4] The discovery that the circulating levels of sex hormones (SH), especially estrogen E2 and progesterone P2, besides the reproductive 8 and cardioprotective 9 roles, can exercise modulatory effects on the neuronal functions and alter the superficial cutaneous sensitivity 1,2 , gave rise to intriguing questions about the parameters of conformation/therapeutic modulation in analgesia in both genders, particularly in associations with thermal resources. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Considering that transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) appears as one of the most reliable and effective non-pharmacological resources for analgesia [3][4][5][6][7][10][11][12][13][14][15] , it became worth investigating the variations of the NSS between genders, and whether previous changes in skin temperature induced by heating/cooling would interfere in the adjustment/peripheral control of the NSS. Recently, experimental and clinical investigations showed that there are differences in the perception of the nociceptive stimulus, in the pain tolerance threshold and in cutaneous sensitivity to electrical stimuli between genders.…”

“…Recently, experimental and clinical investigations showed that there are differences in the perception of the nociceptive stimulus, in the pain tolerance threshold and in cutaneous sensitivity to electrical stimuli between genders. [10][11][12][13][14] Studies by Santuzzi et al 12 in anesthetized rats, showed that the combined use of TENS and cryotherapy reduced the previously high femoral nerve activity through the isolated use of TENS. Hopkins et al 13 showed that in the knee joint of men, after effusion, both cryotherapy and TENS significantly reduced arthrogenic muscle inhibition, suggesting that the use of thermal resources in association with or prior to electrical resources, mainly cryotherapy, appears to interfere selectively in the neural activity of the sensory fibers (A and C delta) in animals and humans.…”

“…Hopkins et al 13 showed that in the knee joint of men, after effusion, both cryotherapy and TENS significantly reduced arthrogenic muscle inhibition, suggesting that the use of thermal resources in association with or prior to electrical resources, mainly cryotherapy, appears to interfere selectively in the neural activity of the sensory fibers (A and C delta) in animals and humans. [12][13][14] Some authors also show that in 87% of cases of acute and chronic pain, thermal resources (including cryotherapy) are the types of non-pharmacological analgesic therapeutic approaches frequently used prior to or in association with electrical resources 3,5,14 . Although from the electrophysiological perspective this common practice does not seem adequate, due to factors such as: changes in skin impedance, variations of tissue water content, alterations of the enzymatic and energetic metabolism and actions in the impulse transmission speed in the nerve fibers, among others caused by thermotherapy.…”

“…Although from the electrophysiological perspective this common practice does not seem adequate, due to factors such as: changes in skin impedance, variations of tissue water content, alterations of the enzymatic and energetic metabolism and actions in the impulse transmission speed in the nerve fibers, among others caused by thermotherapy. 4,5,[12][13][14] Nevertheless, there are few experimental and/or clinical studies demonstrating the differences of gender in the perception and tolerance of transcutaneous electrical stimuli, as well as the implications of SH in the regulation of final skin temperature after the use of thermotherapy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate gender differences in the perception and tolerance thresholds (ST/TT) for TENS in healthy young adults, and whether previous thermotherapy (induced tissue heating or cooling) modifies cutaneous sensitivity thresholds.…”