Eeloscope—Towards a Novel Endoscopic System Enabling Digital Aircraft Fuel Tank Maintenance

Heilemann, Florian; Dadashi, Alireza; Wicke, Kai

doi:10.3390/aerospace8050136

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The eye tracking recordings further showed significant differences between the different groups of expertise, which was in accordance with previous work [13,35,39,48]. A review of the gaze plots revealed that inspectors made fewer fixations than engineers and assembly operators.…”

Section: Inspection Approachsupporting

confidence: 90%

Evaluation of Influence Factors on the Visual Inspection Performance of Aircraft Engine Blades

2021

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Background—There are various influence factors that affect visual inspection of aircraft engine blades including type of inspection, defect type, severity level, blade perspective and background colour. The effect of those factors on the inspection performance was assessed. Method—The inspection accuracy of fifty industry practitioners was measured for 137 blade images, leading to N = 6850 observations. The data were statistically analysed to identify the significant factors. Subsequent evaluation of the eye tracking data provided additional insights into the inspection process. Results—Inspection accuracies in borescope inspections were significantly lower compared to piece-part inspection at 63.8% and 82.6%, respectively. Airfoil dents (19.0%), cracks (11.0%), and blockage (8.0%) were the most difficult defects to detect, while nicks (100.0%), tears (95.5%), and tip curls (89.0%) had the highest detection rates. The classification accuracy was lowest for airfoil dents (5.3%), burns (38.4%), and tears (44.9%), while coating loss (98.1%), nicks (90.0%), and blockage (87.5%) were most accurately classified. Defects of severity level S1 (72.0%) were more difficult to detect than increased severity levels S2 (92.8%) and S3 (99.0%). Moreover, visual perspectives perpendicular to the airfoil led to better inspection rates (up to 87.5%) than edge perspectives (51.0% to 66.5%). Background colour was not a significant factor. The eye tracking results of novices showed an unstructured search path, characterised by numerous fixations, leading to longer inspection times. Experts in contrast applied a systematic search strategy with focus on the edges, and showed a better defect discrimination ability. This observation was consistent across all stimuli, thus independent of the influence factors. Conclusions—Eye tracking identified the challenges of the inspection process and errors made. A revised inspection framework was proposed based on insights gained, and support the idea of an underlying mental model.

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Section: Inspection Approachsupporting

confidence: 90%

Evaluation of Influence Factors on the Visual Inspection Performance of Aircraft Engine Blades

2021

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“…However, the planning of shared activities is not trivial, since the intrinsic task hazard reduction through robot takeover could lead to a complete procedural change of the working routine. For instance, supporting preparation and/or safety surveillance activities related to repair and maintenance processes, as well as the human resources required to support their realization, could become redundant ( Heilemann et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generalized Behavior Framework for Mobile Robots Teaming With Humans in Harsh Environments

2022

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Industrial contexts, typically characterized by highly unstructured environments, where task sequences are difficult to hard-code and unforeseen events occur daily (e.g., oil and gas, energy generation, aeronautics) cannot completely rely upon automation to substitute the human dexterity and judgment skills. Robots operating in these conditions have the common requirement of being able to deploy appropriate behaviours in highly dynamic and unpredictable environments, while aiming to achieve a more natural human-robot interaction and a broad range of acceptability in providing useful and efficient services. The goal of this paper is to introduce a deliberative framework able to acquire, reuse and instantiate a collection of behaviours that promote an extension of the autonomy periods of mobile robotic platforms, with a focus on maintenance, repairing and overhaul applications. Behavior trees are employed to design the robotic system’s high-level deliberative intelligence, which integrates: social behaviors, aiming to capture the human’s emotional state and intention; the ability to either perform or support various process tasks; seamless planning and execution of human-robot shared work plans. In particular, the modularity, reactiveness and deliberation capacity that characterize the behaviour tree formalism are leveraged to interpret the human’s health and cognitive load for supporting her/him, and to complete a shared mission by collaboration or complete take-over. By enabling mobile robotic platforms to take-over risky jobs which the human cannot, should not or do not want to perform the proposed framework bears high potential to significantly improve the safety, productivity and efficiency in harsh working environments.

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“…36 Various approved methods, such as the jet fuel thermal oxidation tester (JFTOT), rapid small-scale oxidation test (RSSOT), oxidation stability test (OST), and rotating bomb calorimeter (RBC), 30 evaluate the thermal oxidative stability, a crucial requirement of aviation fuel. These tests, sanctioned by organizations like ASTM International and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 36,60 offer vital information into the fuel's stability, reactivity, and compatibility with systems and engines, enhancing the overall reliability. Recognizing the impact of the molecular structure on the induction period (IP), a key measure of oxidative stability, is crucial for refining the thermal oxidative properties of SAFs and ensuring their secure and dependable use in aviation.…”

Section: High Flash Pointmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Aviation Fuels for Clean Skies: Exploring the Potential and Perspectives of Strained Hydrocarbons

Wang,

Rijal

2024

Energy Fuels

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Fuel is the lifeblood of the aviation industry. The pressing need to reduce carbon emissions calls for the adoption of sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) as a feasible alternative, particularly in the absence of widespread hydrogen usage. SAFs with high energy density (HED) hold great promise due to their favorable weight and volume characteristics. This comprehensive review article delves into the history of aviation fuel, essential requirements for aviation fuels, and the imperative for SAF development, focusing on the power-to-liquid (PtL) pathway to produce SAFs. It particularly concentrates on recent advancements in the screening and design of new strained hydrocarbons as high-performance SAFs. By utilizing machine learning (ML) techniques, potential strained hydrocarbon or cycloalkane structures have been identified and optimized, revealing superior potentials for energy content and other critical properties that enhance the efficiency and performance of SAFs. The review also provides a perspective with a forward-looking approach and a route map in the development of new SAFs, including the exploration of strain energy in cycloalkanes through quantum mechanical calculations, the establishment of structure–property relationships for rational design, and the need for a technoeconomic assessment (TEA) of their production. It further highlights the potential new directions in SAF development.

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Eeloscope—Towards a Novel Endoscopic System Enabling Digital Aircraft Fuel Tank Maintenance

Cited by 8 publications

References 24 publications

Evaluation of Influence Factors on the Visual Inspection Performance of Aircraft Engine Blades

Evaluation of Influence Factors on the Visual Inspection Performance of Aircraft Engine Blades

Generalized Behavior Framework for Mobile Robots Teaming With Humans in Harsh Environments

Sustainable Aviation Fuels for Clean Skies: Exploring the Potential and Perspectives of Strained Hydrocarbons

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