EEG &amp; Eye Tracking User Experiments for Spatial Memory Task on Maps

Keskin, Merve; Ooms, Kristien; Doğru, Ahmet Özgür; Maeyer, Philippe De

doi:10.3390/ijgi8120546

Cited by 20 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…We have suggested that the advantage afforded to inputs consistent with internal predictive models is caused by the brain being better able to suppress task irrelevant information (from positions other than the immediate predicted location of the ball as it moves). This is similar to neural ‘sharpening’ models and to data that suggests enhanced sensory processing for inputs that conform to expectations, and suppression for inputs that do not conform to expectations 31 – 33 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Similar ideas to our suggestion of a suppression of task irrelevant information have been advanced in literature concerning how expertise modulates cortical activity—an area with clear parallels to our task (i.e., people are novices at viewing the world upside-down, and expert at viewing upright images and footage). Experts, relative to novices, show enhanced alpha power on tasks such as map reading 33 and rifle shooting 34 . Experts also show more economical cortical activations 35 and can better inhibit attentional shifts toward task-irrelevant inputs during top-down, goal-directed behaviours 36 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Visual predictions, neural oscillations and naïve physics

Saurels

Hohaia

Yarrow

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Prediction is a core function of the human visual system. Contemporary research suggests the brain builds predictive internal models of the world to facilitate interactions with our dynamic environment. Here, we wanted to examine the behavioural and neurological consequences of disrupting a core property of peoples’ internal models, using naturalistic stimuli. We had people view videos of basketball and asked them to track the moving ball and predict jump shot outcomes, all while we recorded eye movements and brain activity. To disrupt people’s predictive internal models, we inverted footage on half the trials, so dynamics were inconsistent with how movements should be shaped by gravity. When viewing upright videos people were better at predicting shot outcomes, at tracking the ball position, and they had enhanced alpha-band oscillatory activity in occipital brain regions. The advantage for predicting upright shot outcomes scaled with improvements in ball tracking and occipital alpha-band activity. Occipital alpha-band activity has been linked to selective attention and spatially-mapped inhibitions of visual brain activity. We propose that when people have a more accurate predictive model of the environment, they can more easily parse what is relevant, allowing them to better target irrelevant positions for suppression—resulting in both better predictive performance and in neural markers of inhibited information processing.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual predictions, neural oscillations and naïve physics

Saurels

Hohaia

Yarrow

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…For instance, Çöltekin [41] integrated eye-tracking and a traditional usability assessment into map-reading research. It is worth mentioning that GIS researchers keep searching for new methods and techniques of empirical data collection, often referring to the methods already grounded in other scientific disciplines, as EEG method that can be also integrated with eye-tracking (see e.g., [59]).…”

Section: Methods Of Gaining Insight Into Map-reading and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

What Went Wrong for Bad Solvers during Thematic Map Analysis? Lessons Learned from an Eye-Tracking Study

Havelková

Gołębiowska

2019

IJGI

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Thematic map analysis is a complex and challenging task that might result in map user failure for many reasons. In the study reported here, we wanted to search for differences between successful and unsuccessful map users, focusing—unlike many similar studies—on strategies applied by users who give incorrect answers. In the eye-tracking study, followed by a questionnaire survey, we collected data from 39 participants. The eye-tracking data were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively to compare participants’ strategies from various perspectives. Unlike the results of some other studies, it turned out that unsuccessful participants show some similarities that are consistent across most analyzed tasks. The main issues that characterize bad solvers relate to improper use of the thematic legend, the inability to focus on relevant map layout elements, as well as on adequate map content. Moreover, they differed in the general problem-solving approach used as they, for example, tended to choose fast, less cautious, strategies. Based on the collected results, we developed tips that could help prevent unsuccessful participants ending with an incorrect answer and therefore be beneficial in map use education.

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“…For instance, average fixation duration is associated with the attentional procedures, while the number of fixations per second indicates the speed of attention. Fixation duration and the number of fixations are generally inversely correlated, and higher fixation durations indicate higher processing load [3,6]. On the other hand, saccades are short (e.g., typically 30-80 ms) and voluntary eye movements between two fixations and can be visualized as scan paths.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Cognitive Load of Expert and Novice Map Users Using EEG and Eye Tracking

Keskin

Ooms

Doğru

et al. 2020

IJGI

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The main objective of this research is to explore the cognitive processes of expert and novice map users during the retrieval of map-related information, within varying difficulty levels (i.e., easy, moderate, hard), by using eye tracking and electroencephalogram (EEG). In this context, we present a spatial memory experiment consisting of a large number of stimuli to study the effect of task difficulty on map users’ behavior through cognitive load measurements. Next to the reaction time and success rate, we used fixation and saccade related eye tracking metrics (i.e., average fixation duration, the number of fixations per second, saccade amplitude and saccade velocity), and EEG power spectrum (i.e., event-related changes in alpha and theta frequency bands) to identify the cognitive load. While fixation metrics indicated no statistically significant difference between experts and novices, saccade metrics proved the otherwise. EEG power spectral density analysis, on the other side, suggested an increase in theta (i.e., event-related synchronization) and a decrease in alpha (except moderate tasks) (i.e., event-related desynchronization) at all difficulty levels of the task for both experts and novices, which is an indicator of cognitive load. Although no significant difference emerged between two groups, we found a significant difference in their overall performances when the participants were classified as good and relatively bad learners. Triangulating EEG results with the recorded eye tracking data and the qualitative analysis of focus maps indeed provided a detailed insight on the differences of the individuals’ cognitive processes during this spatial memory task.

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EEG & Eye Tracking User Experiments for Spatial Memory Task on Maps

Cited by 20 publications

References 41 publications

Visual predictions, neural oscillations and naïve physics

Visual predictions, neural oscillations and naïve physics

What Went Wrong for Bad Solvers during Thematic Map Analysis? Lessons Learned from an Eye-Tracking Study

Exploring the Cognitive Load of Expert and Novice Map Users Using EEG and Eye Tracking

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