“…According to some authors, the OECD, through its policy recommendations and examples of 'good practice', has established a new type of 'soft governance' of education systems (Bieber & Martens, 2011;Lingard & Sellar, 2013) or a global educational governance (Meyer & Benavot, 2013). Several authors have observed a direct influence of PISA on educational reforms (Bialecki, Jakubowski, & Wisniewski, 2017;Breakspear, 2012;Grek, 2009Grek, , 2010Martens, Nagel, Windzio, & Weymann, 2010;Niemann, Martens, & Teltemann, 2017). Within Europe, it has been generally recognised that, in some countries, some important reforms have been presented and justified in relationship with PISA results: it is particularly the case of Germany, Denmark, Poland, Portugal and Switzerland for example, and to less extent of Spain, The Netherlands or England and Wales.…”