Education and early career outcomes of second-generation immigrants in France

Abstract

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Pure ethnic gaps in educational attainment and school to work transitions: When do they arise?

“…Cameron and Heckman (2001) find that long-run factors associated with parental background and family environment are strong predictors of the educational disparity between natives and ethnic minorities in that once they control for these longterm factors the gap in educational attainment is completely eliminated or even reversed. This is confirmed in the research of Belzil and Poinas (2010) and partly in that of Colding (2006) and Colding et al (2009). We aim at verifying to what extent similar conclusions can be drawn for Belgium.…”

“…For instance, based on a version of the model of Cameron and Heckman (2001) that disregards the age dimension, Belzil and Poinas (2010) report that the gap in higher educational attainment between second generation immigrants and natives in France is mainly explained by family background. In addition, these authors study the gap in the school to work transition and find that the gap in access to permanent employment is nearly completely closed once both family background and educational attainment is conditioned upon.…”

“…24 The outcome scholastic ability test (AFQT) that Cameron and Heckman (2001) add as control in part of their models may capture these unobserved determinants of early schooling outcomes. Belzil and Poinas (2010) add an indicator for grade repetition in primary school to proxy for these unobservables, but do not take the endogeneity of this variable into account.…”

Over-Education Amongst the Children of Immigrants in Sweden

“…As stated in the previous research, both national and international research on the labour market position for the descendant generation shows that, in terms of employment rates and wages, descendants are worse off in the labour market than the native population (Algan et al 2009;Belzil & Poinas 2008;Chiswick & DebBurman 2003;Hammarstedt 2002Hammarstedt , 2009Rooth & Ekberg 2003;Skyt Nielsen et al 2001;Tu 2010). In this perspective, it is interesting to see that with regard to occupational mismatch, there is little (the male population) or no (the female population) difference between the descendant generation and the reference group (Swedish born with two Swedishborn parents).…”

“…Algan et al (2009) found that in France, Germany and the UK, 'there is a clear indication that -in each country -labour market performance of most immigrant groups as well as their descendants is -on average worse than that of the native population, after controlling for education, potential experience and regional allocation' [Algan et al 2009: 24. For Denmark see Skyt Nielsen et al (2001); for France, Belzil & Poinas (2008); for the US, Chiswick & DebBurman (2003); and for Canada, Tu (2010)]. …”