“…The expert-novice paradigm has been widely adopted by previous studies in badminton, 26,27 soccer, 28 karate, 29 surfing, 30 handball, 31–33 tennis, 34–43 basketball, 44,45 volleyball, 46 water-polo, 47 squash, 48,49 baseball 50 and football. 51 The primary aim was to compare the expert athletes with novices in their anticipation and visual search behaviours.…”
The understanding of coaches’ knowledge plays a critical role in coach development. This study aimed to examine the internal models of expert and novice tennis coaches and to identify the key distinguishing characteristics between levels. Data was captured by in-depth interviews and analysed using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The results revealed that the internal model consisted of seven components including the “functionality” component that has not been reported previously. A significant difference was detected only in three components of the internal model: “reasoning chains”, “concepts” and “key flexion points”. The findings led to the conclusion that the main attribute of tennis coaching expertise is not pure technical knowledge but rather the perception of technique as a whole movement and the ability to understand the connection between technical elements. The findings provide a valuable contribution to tennis coach development as it can be applied in coach education to facilitate novice coach development processes.
“…The expert-novice paradigm has been widely adopted by previous studies in badminton, 26,27 soccer, 28 karate, 29 surfing, 30 handball, 31–33 tennis, 34–43 basketball, 44,45 volleyball, 46 water-polo, 47 squash, 48,49 baseball 50 and football. 51 The primary aim was to compare the expert athletes with novices in their anticipation and visual search behaviours.…”
The understanding of coaches’ knowledge plays a critical role in coach development. This study aimed to examine the internal models of expert and novice tennis coaches and to identify the key distinguishing characteristics between levels. Data was captured by in-depth interviews and analysed using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The results revealed that the internal model consisted of seven components including the “functionality” component that has not been reported previously. A significant difference was detected only in three components of the internal model: “reasoning chains”, “concepts” and “key flexion points”. The findings led to the conclusion that the main attribute of tennis coaching expertise is not pure technical knowledge but rather the perception of technique as a whole movement and the ability to understand the connection between technical elements. The findings provide a valuable contribution to tennis coach development as it can be applied in coach education to facilitate novice coach development processes.
“…Considering the weak increase observed in beta power, low peripheral neuroelectrical responses and high CGT performance among sportsmen, sportsmen may be said to be more successful, than sedentary individuals, in cognitive processes such as maintaining continuous attention and focused attention under stress. In literature, expert sport performers are reported to increase attentional workload during performance and to be more advantaged in information processing while attaining cognitive skills and strategies (Eccles 2006;Furley and Dörr 2016;Furley and Wood 2016).…”
Stress and anxiety are states which sportsmen are continuously exposed to. Our study aimed to evaluate neuroelectrical peripheral and central nervous system responses of sportsmen (SPR) and sedentary individuals (SED) during concentration grid test (CGT) employed under time pressure. Forty three SPR and 33 SED participated in the study. Neuroelectrical responses were simultaneously obtained during baseline and CGT. All responses were observed to increase under stress in both SED and SPR. The SPR's stress related peripheral responses were lower than SED's. When central values were evaluated a stress related increase according to baseline was observed in all frequency powers in all of the participants. Statistical comparison of increase rates revealed a significantly greater increase in beta in SED compared to SPR. Beta has been associated to alertness and cortical arousal. As SED exhibit greater beta increase under stress compared to SPR their state of cortical arousal and alertness may be interpreted to be higher than SPR. However the SPR's weak increase in beta and their lower peripheral responses taken together may imply that they are better in stress management. In fact according to their performance scores the SPR's higher level of performance under stress compared to SED shows that they are better at maintaining and focusing their attention under stress than SED.
“…17 Considering the wide variety of performance influences, it becomes clear that surfing athletes need an equally diverse set of skills and abilities to succeed in competitions. Consequently, performance relevant factors that have been identified in the literature include physiological characteristics such as good muscular endurance, cardiorespiratory fitness and anaerobic power, mainly in the upper torso, 11 but also excellent balance 18 as well as cognitive and psychological abilities 19,20 The interest in the underlying performance characteristics of surfing has clearly increased over the last fifteen years. While in the early 2000s only a few studies across different academic disciplines existed, 11,21 the research seems to be evolving in the past years, just like the sport itself.…”
Identifying high-performing and promising athletes is an important task of national surf associations. However, the scientific foundation of performance indicators in surfing has only developed in recent years. This review aimed to (1) find out which performance characteristics discriminate between surfers of different skill levels, and (2) point out gaps in the existing literature and direct future studies by applying the Groningen Sport Talent Model (GSTM) to categorize findings. A systematic review of PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE and PsycInfo databases was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. A total of thirty-one studies were included. Studies were found on anthropometric, physiological, technical, and tactical, but not on psychological characteristics of surfing performance. In total only six studies included female surfers. Findings suggest that a few performance indicators exist in relation to associations between physical capacities and surfing skill. For one, relative arm span seems to be beneficial to surfing performance and discriminates between differently skilled surfers. Additionally, 15 m and 400 m in-water paddle performance, as well as relative upper and lower-body strength also tend to be better in superior surfers. Technical skills, such as the ability to perform aerials and tube rides with a high completion rate, translate directly into an enhanced scoring potential and therefore success in surfing competitions. While a variety of characteristics for high-performance surfing are already indicated, future research needs to focus on developing reliable methods with higher ecological validity to assess these skills. Apart from the in-water paddle tests, most indicators lack a broadly accepted testing method. Especially, the field of psychological skills in surfing should be addressed more in the future.
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