Ectosymbiosis in Wood-Inhabiting Insects

Francke-Grosmann, H.

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4832-2758-0.50010-2

Cited by 193 publications

(169 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…On sait depuis longtemps que la plupart des Scolytides transportent les spores de divers champignons phytopathogènes (Graham, 1967;Francke-Grossman, 1967;Whitney, 1982 (Berryman, 1972;Safranyik et al, 1975;Christiansen & Horntvedt, 1983;Horntvedt et al, 1983;Raffa & Berryman, 1983;Christiansen et al, 1987 . Leur mode de transport sur l'insecte hôte a également été examiné (Charara,s, 1962;Vallet, 1982 (Chararas, 1962;Vallet, 1982).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Preferenda thermiques des champignons associés à lps sexdentatus Boern. et Tomicus piniperda L. ( Coleoptera : Scolytidae)

Lieutier¹,

Yart²

1989

Ann. For. Sci.

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Section: Introductionunclassified

Preferenda thermiques des champignons associés à lps sexdentatus Boern. et Tomicus piniperda L. ( Coleoptera : Scolytidae)

Lieutier¹,

Yart²

1989

Ann. For. Sci.

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“…Third, wood-boring insects serve as vectors for decomposer micro-organisms, such as intestinal inhabitants that are expelled in the feces (Breznak 1982). They are also introduced as external associates; fungal spores, for instance, are transported in special pits and cavities in adult beetles (Francke-Grosmann 1967). Fungal spores and hyphae are also picked up and carried by insect larvae.…”

Section: Insect Galleries and Frassmentioning

confidence: 99%

The seen and unseen world of the fallen tree.

Maser¹,

Trappe²

1984

197

125

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“…According to Harrington (2005) however, fungal feeding does not seem obligatory for the completion of the life cycle of bark beetles, and fungi would only supplement larval diet, leading to shorter larval galleries and thus reducing both intraspecific and interspecific competition. Based on their nutritional relations with fungi and the localization of their galleries, bark beetles species have been traditionally divided into three groups, the xylomycetophagous species which bore galleries in the sapwood and feed exclusively on symbiotic fungi, the phloeomycetophagous species whose galleries are located in the phloem and which feed on both phloem and fungi, and the phloeophagous species which feed only on the phloem (Francke-Grosmann, 1967;.…”

Section: Bark Beetles and Their Associated Micro-organismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulation of tree defenses by Ophiostomatoid fungi can explain attack success of bark beetles on conifers

2009

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Keywords:pathogen / forest tree / physiological stress / blue stain fungi / host resistance Abstract • Our aim is to present why the hypothesis, that Ophiostomatoid fungi play an important role in the establishment of most bark beetle species on living conifers, is valuable.• After summarizing knowledge about the relationships of bark beetles with conifers and fungi, we conclude that controversy results from misinterpretations when using fungal pathogenicity to demonstrate the role of Ophiostomatoid fungi in beetle establishment on host trees.• We demonstrate that fungal pathogenicity is not the right parameter to appreciate the role of fungus in beetle establishment on host trees. We argue that artificial low density inoculations that allow the appreciation of fungus ability to stimulate tree defenses and thus to help beetles in overcoming tree resistance must be used in complement to mass inoculations. In both cases, results must be expressed in terms of tree defense stimulation rather than in terms of tree killing.(i) Fungal species stimulating tree defenses are generally not those that grow the best in the sapwood.(ii) We argue that beetle development in the phloem, fungal invasion of the sapwood and phloem, and tree death, occur after tree defenses are exhausted, and that any fungus present in the beetle gallery could thus potentially invade the sapwood after defense exhaustion.• We conclude that stimulation of the tree defense reactions in both the phloem and the superficial sapwood is a real benefit brought by fungi to the beetles during the first phase of establishment (overcoming tree resistance).• Considering the origin of the bark beetle fungus associations attacking living trees and their general functioning based on stimulation of tree defenses, we develop three hypotheses:(i) any beetle species would be helped in its establishment in a given tree species by developing an association, even loosely, with a fungus species belonging to the Ophiostomatoid flora of that tree species; (ii) the necessity of a considerably low level of tree resistance for fungus extension into the tree is the selection pressure that has led fungi to develop their intrinsic ability to stimulate tree defenses, through their ability to grow into the phloem. This association can be completed by antagonistic fungal species controlling extension of the previous fungal species in the tree tissues; (iii) Beetle species using the strategy of overcoming tree resistance are associated with a fungal complex, of which species could assume three roles regarding relationships between beetles and trees: 1-to stimulate tree defenses in the phloem and superficial sapwood, 2-to grow into the sapwood after tree resistance is overcome, and 3-to control phloem extension of the first other two categories. Bringing nutrients to the beetle progeny can be a fourth role.• We propose that bark beetle -Ophiostomatoid associations can be categorized, based on associations' frequency and complexity while taking into account beetle aggressiveness. We show...

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Ectosymbiosis in Wood-Inhabiting Insects

Cited by 193 publications

References 72 publications

Preferenda thermiques des champignons associés à lps sexdentatus Boern. et Tomicus piniperda L. ( Coleoptera : Scolytidae)

Preferenda thermiques des champignons associés à lps sexdentatus Boern. et Tomicus piniperda L. ( Coleoptera : Scolytidae)

The seen and unseen world of the fallen tree.

Stimulation of tree defenses by Ophiostomatoid fungi can explain attack success of bark beetles on conifers

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