Ectopic Pregnancy—Part I: Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis

Brennan, Daniel F.

doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.1995.tb03154.x

Cited by 29 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 54 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…Serum testing detects levels as low as 5 IU/L, whereas urine testing detects levels as low as 20-50 IU/L. 22 In most cases, screening is done with a urine test, since obtaining the results of a serum test is time-consuming and is not always possible in the evening and at night. However, if pregnancy is strongly suspected, even when the urine test has a negative result, serum testing will be definitive.…”

Section: Use Of β β Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis and treatment of ectopic pregnancy

Murray

Baakdah²,

Bardell³

et al. 2005

Canadian Medical Association Journal

236

173

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Section: Use Of β β Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis and treatment of ectopic pregnancy

Murray

Baakdah²,

Bardell³

et al. 2005

Canadian Medical Association Journal

236

173

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“…An important problem that may occur during the passage of the zygote through the oviduct is ectopic pregnancy (EP), which occurs when the embryo after fertilization implants outside of the uterine cavity due to structural abnormalities in the fallopian tubes, for example [76,77]. Approximately 1.5%-2% of all the pregnancies are ectopic [78]; 97% are in the fallopian tube (oviduct) (reviewed by [79]). Currently, two diagnosis methods are used to detect EP: measurements of human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG)and progesterone in the serum [77].…”

Section: Embryo-maternal Interactions Through Oviductal Evsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Vesicles Mediated Early Embryo–Maternal Interactions

Bridi

Perecin

Silveira

2020

IJMS

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Embryo-maternal crosstalk is an important event that involves many biological processes, which must occur perfectly for pregnancy success. This complex communication starts from the zygote stage within the oviduct and continues in the uterus up to the end of pregnancy. Small extracellular vesicles (EVs) are part of this communication and carry bioactive molecules such as proteins, lipids, mRNA, and miRNA. Small EVs are present in the oviductal and uterine fluid and have important functions during fertilization and early embryonic development. Embryonic cells are able to uptake oviductal and endometrium-derived small EVs. Conversely, embryo-derived EVs might modulate oviductal and uterine function. In this review, our aim is to demonstrate the role of extracellular vesicles modulating embryo-maternal interactions during early pregnancy.2 of 15 luteotrophic and anti-luteolytic actions, guaranteeing the corpus luteum (CL)'s capability to secrete the progesterone necessary to establish and sustain pregnancy [15,16]. Additionally, different biological molecules are secreted by the embryos of several mammalian species during MRP as interferon-tau (IFNT) in ruminant [17], estradiol in pigs [18], and chorionic gonadotropin in humans [19]. However, recent reports indicate that the embryo is also able to secrete EVs [20][21][22], but their role in MRP is still elusive.Therefore, in mammals, the embryos and the female tract (oviduct and endometrium) are able to secrete extracellular vesicles during the pre-implantation period. Extracellular vesicles are cell-secreted vesicles that are classified according the their size, biogenesis, and secretion, as exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies [23]. Several cellular types can secrete EVs including follicular [24,25], oviductal, and endometrial cells [13,21,26], as well as in vitro and in vivo produced embryos [20][21][22]27]. Extracellular vesicles carry bioactive molecule as miRNAs, mRNAs [28], proteins [29], and lipids [30], which modulate various reproductive processes such as ovarian follicular development, oocyte maturation, embryonic development, maternal-embryonic communication, and the establishment of mammalian gestation. There is experimental evidence that EVs participate in intercellular communication in essential reproductive events related to the establishment of pregnancy, such as cell proliferation, crosstalk between the maternal organism and conceptus, as well as during embryonic implantation [31]. In early stages of pregnancy, the communication between the conceptus and maternal organism is necessary and the evidence of the participation of EVs of maternal or embryonic origin is increasing [14].Herein, we will review the current knowledge on embryo-maternal interactions, with special emphasis on the roles of EVs during the early crosstalk between embryonic and maternal tissues.Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 1163 3 of 15 (reviewed by [47]). PGE2 secreted by equine viable embryos during early embryonic development is involved with the initial oviductal transpo...

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“…3 It is often misdiagnosed (40%-50%) on the initial visit. 4,5 Risk factors include a previous ectopic, PID, in-vitro fertilization, increased age, tubal surgery, smoking and pregnancy with intrauterine devices (IUDs) or progesterone-only contraceptive pill. 6 Most EPs arise in the tubes 7 and present at 6 to 8 PID, pelvic inflammatory disease; EP, ectopic pregnancy; UTI, urinary tract infection; GU, genitourinary weeks of gestation with abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, cervical motion tenderness, and the presence of adnexal mass.…”

Section: I F F E R E N T I a L D I A G N O S I Smentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An indeterminate TVS with a low progesterone value (< 5 ng/mL) is highly sensitive and specific for a non-viable (> 99%) pregnancy. [16][17][18] Once a viable intrauterine gestation is identified with ultrasound, the likelihood of an additional ectopic (heterotropic pregnancy -pregnancy in both uterus and tubes) is small, but should be considered. 19 (1 in 3000-8000 in general and 1%-3% with fertility treatment) A recent Cochrane Review recommended laparoscopy as the cornerstone in the management of EP.…”

Section: I F F E R E N T I a L D I A G N O S I Smentioning

confidence: 99%