Ectopic expression of different cytokinin-regulated transcription factor genes of Arabidopsis thaliana alters plant growth and development

Köllmer, Ireen; Werner, Tomáš; Schmülling, Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2011.02.006

Cited by 50 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Transgenic Arabidopsis plants with altered expression of CGA1 have been shown to exhibit differences in germination, chlorophyll content, chloroplast number, leaf size, flowering time, and senescence (Mara and Irish, 2008;Richter et al, 2010;Hudson et al, 2011). This includes recent reports showing that ectopic overexpression promotes chloroplast biogenesis in cells where they are not typically found (Köllmer et al, 2011;Chiang et al, 2012). These data indicate that GNC and CGA1 function as key transcriptional regulators of chloroplast biogenesis in Arabidopsis.…”

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confidence: 77%

Rice Cytokinin GATA Transcription Factor1 Regulates Chloroplast Development and Plant Architecture

et al. 2013

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Chloroplast biogenesis has been well documented in higher plants, yet the complex methods used to regulate chloroplast activity under fluctuating environmental conditions are not well understood. In rice (Oryza sativa), the CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1 (Cga1) shows increased expression following light, nitrogen, and cytokinin treatments, while darkness and gibberellin reduce expression. Strong overexpression of Cga1 produces dark green, semidwarf plants with reduced tillering, whereas RNA interference knockdown results in reduced chlorophyll and increased tillering. Coexpression, microarray, and real-time expression analyses demonstrate a correlation between Cga1 expression and the expression of important nucleus-encoded, chloroplast-localized genes. Constitutive Cga1 overexpression increases both chloroplast biogenesis and starch production but also results in delayed senescence and reduced grain filling. Growing the transgenic lines under different nitrogen regimes indicates potential agricultural applications for Cga1, including manipulation of biomass, chlorophyll/ chloroplast content, and harvest index. These results indicate a conserved mechanism by which Cga1 regulates chloroplast development in higher plants.

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confidence: 77%

Rice Cytokinin GATA Transcription Factor1 Regulates Chloroplast Development and Plant Architecture

et al. 2013

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“…Many of the greening phenotypes we and others have associated with ectopic expression of the GNC/ CGA1 family occur in the cotyledon, hypocotyl, and root (Richter et al, 2010;Hudson et al, 2011;Köllmer et al, 2011), all of which are embryonically derived. This is of significance because chloroplasts are present in these tissues during the early stages of embryo development, including being found within the epidermal cell layer (Tejos et al, 2010).…”

Section: Increases In Chloroplast Biogenesis Can Be Regulated Postembmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Three transcription factor families (GNC/CGA1, GLK, and CRF) are now implicated in directly and positively regulating chloroplast biogenesis (Bi et al, 2005;Naito et al, 2007;Mara and Irish, 2008;Waters et al, 2008Okazaki et al, 2009;Richter et al, 2010;Hudson et al, 2011;Köllmer et al, 2011;Fig. 9).…”

Section: The Gnc/cga1 Family and The Transcriptional Control Of Chlormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Functionally, they have been shown to antagonize signaling by gibberellins, acting downstream of DELLA proteins (Richter et al, 2010). Effects on greening have also been observed in genetic studies, with the gnc cga1 mutant exhibiting reduced greening compared with the wild type and overexpression of either gene resulting in enhanced greening and chloroplast production (Bi et al, 2005;Naito et al, 2007;Mara and Irish, 2008;Richter et al, 2010;Hudson et al, 2011;Köllmer et al, 2011). The chloroplast-localized gene GLUTAMATE SYNTHASE (GLU1/Fd-GOGAT), a key gene involved in nitrogen assimilation, has been identified as a potential transcriptional target of GNC and CGA1 (Hudson et al, 2011).…”

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confidence: 97%

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Functional Characterization of the GATA Transcription Factors GNC and CGA1 Reveals Their Key Role in Chloroplast Development, Growth, and Division in Arabidopsis

et al. 2012

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Chloroplasts develop from proplastids in a process that requires the interplay of nuclear and chloroplast genomes, but key steps in this developmental process have yet to be elucidated. Here, we show that the nucleus-localized transcription factors GATA NITRATE-INDUCIBLE CARBON-METABOLISM-INVOLVED (GNC) and CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA1 (CGA1) regulate chloroplast development, growth, and division in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). GNC and CGA1 are highly expressed in green tissues, and the phytohormone cytokinin regulates their expression. A gnc cga1 mutant exhibits a reduction in overall chlorophyll levels as well as in chloroplast size in the hypocotyl. Ectopic overexpression of either GNC or CGA1 promotes chloroplast biogenesis in hypocotyl cortex and root pericycle cells, based on increases in the number and size of the chloroplasts, and also results in expanded zones of chloroplast production into the epidermis of hypocotyls and cotyledons and into the cortex of roots. Ectopic overexpression also promotes the development of etioplasts from proplastids in dark-grown seedlings, subsequently enhancing the deetiolation process. Inducible expression of GNC demonstrates that GNCmediated chloroplast biogenesis can be regulated postembryonically, notably so for chloroplast production in cotyledon epidermal cells. Analysis of the gnc cga1 loss-of-function and overexpression lines supports a role for these transcription factors in regulating the effects of cytokinin on chloroplast division. These data support a model in which GNC and CGA1 serve as two of the master transcriptional regulators of chloroplast biogenesis, acting downstream of cytokinin and mediating the development of chloroplasts from proplastids and enhancing chloroplast growth and division in specific tissues.

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“…Microarrays have been widely used in the genomewide analysis of hormone responses in Arabidopsis, including the response to altered cytokinin function (Rashotte et al, 2003;Kiba et al, 2004;Brenner et al, 2005;Lee et al, 2007;Taniguchi et al, 2007;Yokoyama et al, 2007;Argyros et al, 2008;Dello Ioio et al, 2008;Goda et al, 2008;Müller and Sheen, 2008;Argueso et al, 2010;Bishopp et al, 2011;Köllmer et al, 2011;. These data sets have identified many genes regulated by cytokinin, and several have been validated by other methods (Supplemental Table S1).…”

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confidence: 99%

Identification of Cytokinin-Responsive Genes Using Microarray Meta-Analysis and RNA-Seq in Arabidopsis

et al. 2013

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Cytokinins are N 6 -substituted adenine derivatives that play diverse roles in plant growth and development. We sought to define a robust set of genes regulated by cytokinin as well as to query the response of genes not represented on microarrays. To this end, we performed a meta-analysis of microarray data from a variety of cytokinin-treated samples and used RNA-seq to examine cytokininregulated gene expression in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Microarray meta-analysis using 13 microarray experiments combined with empirically defined filtering criteria identified a set of 226 genes differentially regulated by cytokinin, a subset of which has previously been validated by other methods. RNA-seq validated about 73% of the up-regulated genes identified by this meta-analysis. In silico promoter analysis indicated an overrepresentation of type-B Arabidopsis response regulator binding elements, consistent with the role of type-B Arabidopsis response regulators as primary mediators of cytokinin-responsive gene expression. RNA-seq analysis identified 73 cytokinin-regulated genes that were not represented on the ATH1 microarray. Representative genes were verified using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and NanoString analysis. Analysis of the genes identified reveals a substantial effect of cytokinin on genes encoding proteins involved in secondary metabolism, particularly those acting in flavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, as well as in the regulation of redox state of the cell, particularly a set of glutaredoxin genes. Novel splicing events were found in members of some gene families that are known to play a role in cytokinin signaling or metabolism. The genes identified in this analysis represent a robust set of cytokininresponsive genes that are useful in the analysis of cytokinin function in plants.

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Ectopic expression of different cytokinin-regulated transcription factor genes of Arabidopsis thaliana alters plant growth and development

Cited by 50 publications

References 57 publications

Rice Cytokinin GATA Transcription Factor1 Regulates Chloroplast Development and Plant Architecture

Rice Cytokinin GATA Transcription Factor1 Regulates Chloroplast Development and Plant Architecture

Functional Characterization of the GATA Transcription Factors GNC and CGA1 Reveals Their Key Role in Chloroplast Development, Growth, and Division in Arabidopsis

Identification of Cytokinin-Responsive Genes Using Microarray Meta-Analysis and RNA-Seq in Arabidopsis

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