ECS, intracellular pH, and electrolytes of cardiac and skeletal muscle

Pa, Poole-Wilson; Cameron, I L

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1975.229.5.1299

Cited by 70 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…The extracellular space was measured using 51 Cr EDTA, which is a small molecule (mol wt 362) and uncharged at physiological pH (Poole-Wilson et al, 1975). The present values for the interstitial volume in control skin and skeletal muscle were in the range of previously reported values (see review: Aukland and Nicolaysen, 1981).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Changes in interstitial volume and masses of albumin and IgG in rabbit skin and skeletal muscle after saline volume loading.

Mullins¹,

Bell²

1982

Circulation Research

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SUMMARY. This study was performed on the hindpaws of anesthetized rabbits to determine the effects of acute saline expansion (10% body weight) on the extravascular distribution of water and plasma proteins. Prenodal lymph was collected separately from skin and muscle of the hindlegs. In samples of excised heel skin and gastrocnemius muscle, the extracellular and plasma spaces were measured with 51 Cr EDTA and 125 I albumin, respectively. The albumin and IgG spaces were calculated from measurements of the endogenous albumin and IgG concentrations in samples of plasma, lymph, and tissue extracts, by immunochemical techniques. Four hours after expansion, lymph flow from both tissues was more than 3 times greater than control, while the interstitial volume was increased by 20% in skin and 2.3 times for muscle. The elevated lymph flow was accompanied by a decrease in the lymph:plasma concentration ratio. The extravascular mass of albumin was 9.36 ± 0.61 and 3.93 ± 0.31 mg/g dry weight for control skin and skeletal muscle, respectively. The IgG mass was 2.62 ± 0.47 and 0.717 ± 0.084 mg/g dry weight for skin and muscle. Saline expansion resulted in a 41% increase in the extravascular albumin mass in muscle and no change in albumin mass in skin. The extravascular IgG mass increased by 58% in skin and 49% in muscle. The calculated excluded volume fraction for albumin decreased in both tissues and for IgG decreased in muscle. In skin, the IgG-excluded volume fraction could not be calculated after expansion since the apparent tissue concentration was greater than lymph, indicating interstitial concentration gradients for this molecule. Acute saline expansion resulted in a shift of plasma proteins from plasma to the extravascular space of skin and skeletal muscle. (Circ Res 51: [305][306][307][308][309][310][311][312][313] 1982)

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Changes in interstitial volume and masses of albumin and IgG in rabbit skin and skeletal muscle after saline volume loading.

Mullins¹,

Bell²

1982

Circulation Research

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“…Samples of left ventricle (LV), quadriceps, diaphragm, brain and right anterior lobe of the liver were quickly excised for analysis. Intracellular electrolytes were measured as described by Poole-Wilson & Cameron (1975), with additional measurements of calcium and magnesium.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue Electrolytes in the Rabbit Following Chronic Dietary Potassium Depletion

Ward¹

1988

Exp Physiol

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“…Similarly, the measured Vd (b) assumes all plasma is available for Gd-DTPA distribution, yet proteins such as albumin are present, and additionally, the hematocrit may underestimate the available Vd (b) . Myocardium contains blood vessels, and therefore a blood volume, that may differ in increasing diffuse fibrosis (although this volume is only of the order of a few percent 35 ). Finally, there are differences in the macromolecular environment between blood and tissue, potentially affecting the relaxivity of Gd-DTPA, although prior work suggests such differences are negligible.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equilibrium Contrast Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance for the Measurement of Diffuse Myocardial Fibrosis

et al. 2010

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Background-Diffuse myocardial fibrosis is a final end point in most cardiac diseases. It is missed by the cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) late gadolinium enhancement technique. Currently, quantifying diffuse myocardial fibrosis requires invasive biopsy, with inherent risk and sampling error. We have developed a robust and noninvasive technique, equilibrium contrast CMR (EQ-CMR) to quantify diffuse fibrosis and have validated it against the current gold standard of surgical myocardial biopsy. Methods and Results-The 3 principles of EQ-CMR are a bolus of extracellular gadolinium contrast followed by continuous infusion to achieve equilibrium; a blood sample to measure blood volume of distribution (1Ϫhematocrit); and CMR to measure pre-and postequilibrium T1 (with heart rate correction). The myocardial volume of distribution is calculated, reflecting diffuse myocardial fibrosis. Clinical validation occurred in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis or myectomy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (nϭ18 and nϭ8, respectively). Surgical biopsies were analyzed for picrosirius red fibrosis quantification on histology. Key Words: magnetic resonance imaging Ⅲ cardiomyopathy Ⅲ imaging Ⅲ endomyocardial fibrosis Ⅲ collagen F ibrosis is a final common end point in virtually all pathological processes in human organs and tissues. In the heart, focal fibrosis (scar) as a result of myocardial infarction is the leading cause of death and heart failure in the world. 1 Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) using the late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) contrast technique is the gold standard method for its assessment. 2,3 Focal fibrosis also occurs in other diseases, including cardiomyopathy, 4 myocarditis, 5 and infiltrative diseases. 6 Scar leads to an increased volume of distribution for gadolinium and slower contrast kinetics, 7 leading to late enhancement of scar by CMR. Clinical Perspective on p 144Diffuse myocardial fibrosis is a covert process that occurs as a part of normal aging. 8 -10 It is accelerated in diseases such as hypertension, aortic stenosis, and cardiomyopathy, 11Ϫ13 where it contributes to breathlessness, heart failure, and arrhythmia. 14 -16 Unlike scar, however, it may be reversible and is a treatment target. 17,18 Currently, the only method to quantify diffuse fibrosis is invasive biopsy, which carries significant morbidity and is prone to sampling error. 19 The LGE technique cannot be used to visualize diffuse fibrosis because "normal" myocardium with diffuse fibrosis is "nulled" to highlight focal scar, thereby losing all information of any background interstitial expansion. Recently, attempts to quantify diffuse fibrosis with CMR have been made, but they have required complex kinetic modeling and have not definitively excluded confounding factors such as heart rate, body composition, and renal clearance variability. Histological validation, where present, has In this study, we describe a potentially clinically applicable, robust, noninvasive method to quantify diffuse myo...

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ECS, intracellular pH, and electrolytes of cardiac and skeletal muscle

Cited by 70 publications

References 0 publications

Changes in interstitial volume and masses of albumin and IgG in rabbit skin and skeletal muscle after saline volume loading.

Changes in interstitial volume and masses of albumin and IgG in rabbit skin and skeletal muscle after saline volume loading.

Tissue Electrolytes in the Rabbit Following Chronic Dietary Potassium Depletion

Equilibrium Contrast Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance for the Measurement of Diffuse Myocardial Fibrosis

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